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Renal
Urinary Excretory Anatomy
Characteristics
Renal Medulla
Renal Cortex
Nephron
Bowman's Capsule
Glomerulus
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
Ureter
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
2 mins
Renal Corpuscle
Characteristics
Arterioles
Glomerulus
Capillaries
Fenestrations
Plasma Solutes and Other Small Molecules Become Ultrafiltrate
Bowman's Capsule Encapsulates Glomerulus
2 mins
Distal Tubule
Characteristics
Hormonally Regulated
Aldosterone Causes Na+ Reabsorption
Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
Water follows Na+
Parathyroid Hormone Causes Ca2+ Reabsorption
Leads to Collecting Duct
1 min
Proximal Tubule
Characteristics
Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
Water Follows Na+
Most Of Glucose Reabsorbed
Most Of Amino Acids Reabsorbed
Bicarbonate Exchanged For H+
Drugs and Toxins Excreted
Filtrate Osmolarity Same As Plasma
Leads To Loop Of Henle
2 mins
Loop of Henle
Characteristics
Descending Limb
Water Follows Na+
Medullary Hypertonicity
Increased Water Reabsorption
Vasa Recta
Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
Ascending Limb
Reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl-
Decreased Concentration of Filtrate
Impermeable to Water
Distal Tubule
2 mins
Collecting Duct
Characteristics
Na+ Reabsorption
Vasopressin Causes Water reabsorption
Concentrates Filtrate
2 mins
Vitamin D Metabolism/Mechanism
Mechanism Of Action
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
Plant Sources
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
Sunlight Conversion in Skin
7-Dehydrocholesterol
Liver Hydroxylation
25-(OH) D (25-hydroxyvitamin D)
Storage Form
Kidney Hydroxylation
1,25-(OH)2 D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)
Active Form Calcitriol
Absorbs Calcium and Phosphorus in Intestine
4 mins
Erythropoietin
Mechanism
Stimulates RBC Production
Indications
Chronic Renal Failure
Anemia
Side Effects
Increased Risk of Thrombosis
Pelvic and Limb Pain
Hypertension
Considerations
Do Not Shake
Monitor Hemoglobin (Hgb) Weekly
May Accelerate Tumor Progression
2 mins
Normal Electrolyte Lab Values
Potassium (K+)
3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
Calcium (Ca2+)
8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL
Phosphate (PO43–)
2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
Magnesium (Mg2+)
1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
Sodium (Na+)
135 to 145 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl–)
95 to 105 mEq/L
2 mins
Hematocrit (Hct) Lab Values
Women: 36% - 46%
Men: 41% - 53%
1 min
Potassium (K+) Lab Value
3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
20 secs
Sodium (Na+) Lab Value
135-145 mEq/L
24 secs
Chloride (Cl-) Lab Value
95-105 mEq/L
28 secs
Calcium (Ca2+) Lab Value
8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL
26 secs
Phosphate (PO43-) Lab Value
2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
29 secs
Magnesium (Mg2+) Lab Value
1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
28 secs
BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) Lab Values
10-20 mg/dL
40 secs
Creatinine Lab Values
Measures Renal Function
0.6 - 1.3 mg/dL
1 min
pH - Blood and Urine Lab Value
Blood
7.35 - 7.45
Urine
4.0 - 8.0
1 min
Whole Blood Composition
Characteristics
Plasma
Electrolytes And Other Solutes
Proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins
Water
Formed Elements
Buffy Coat
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Platelets
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
2 mins
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