Carlos Shared "Carlos Velez Favorite Creations" - 12 Picmonics
With Picmonic, facts become pictures. We've taken what the science shows - image mnemonics work - but we've boosted the effectiveness by building and associating memorable characters, interesting audio stories, and built-in quizzing. Whether you're studying for your classes or getting ready for a big exam, we're here to help.
Carlos Velez Favorite Creations
Potter Sequence (Syndrome)
- PATHOGENESIS
- Oligohydramnios
- clinical findings
- Limb Deformities
- Facial Anomalies
- Pulmonary Hypoplasia Most Common Cause of Death
- CAUSES
- Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
- Posterior Urethral Valves
- Chronic Placental Insufficiency
- Bilateral Renal Agenesis
3 mins
Types of Muscle Fibers
- Type 1 muscle
- Slow twitch; red fibers
- Resulting from increased mitochondria and myoglobin concentration (increased oxidative phosphorylation), leading to sustained contraction (example: maintaining posture)
- Proportion increases after endurance training.
- Type 2 muscle
- Fast twitch; white fibers
- Resulting from decreased mitochondria and myoglobin concentration (increased anaerobic glycolysis)
- Proportion increases after weight/resistance training, sprinting.
- STAINING
- Under cytochrome oxidase stain, Type I stains dark while type II stains light
Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)
- Severe fetal hypothyroidism
- causes
- Maternal hypothyroidism
- Thyroid agenesis
- Thyroid dysgenesis (most common cause in US and developed countries)
- Iodine deficiency (Most common cause in the rest of the world)
- Dyshormonogenetic goiter
- Findings
- Pot-bellied, Pale, Puffy-faced child with Protruding umbilicus, Protuberant tongue, and Poor brain development
Horner Syndrome
- Cause
- Sympathetic Denervation of Face and Iris
- Associated with lesion of spinal cord above T1
- Symptoms
- Ptosis
- Anhidrosis
- Flushing on affected side
- Miosis (pupil constriction)
- Anisocoria
- Associated Lesions
- Pancoast Tumor
- Brown-SĂ©quard Syndrome
- Syringomyelia
- SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION OF IRIS
- If the damage is to the third-order neuron (postganglionic fibers) the pupil will not dilate. If the damage is to first- or second-order neurons the pupil will dilate.
Pancoast Tumor
- Carcinoma that occurs in the apex of lung
- May cause Pancoast syndrome by invading cervical sympathetic chain
- SYMPTOMS of PANCOAST SYNDROME
- Severe, constant ipsilateral shoulder pain that may progress to involve the upper extremity in a C8–T2 distribution, if the adjacent spinal nerves are also involved
- Horner syndrome due to involvement of the ipsilateral stellate ganglion
- Atrophy of the ipsilateral intrinsic hand muscles
- Upper extremity edema due to vascular compression
- Compression of Recurrent laryngeal nerve leads to hoarseness
- Compression of Superior vena cava leads to SVC syndrome
- Sensorimotor deficit
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
- Most common cause of Arthritis in Children. Onset before Age 10.
- More common in females
- Persistent joint swelling (synovial thickening, accumulation of synovial fluid)
- Subtypes
- Polyarticular JIA
- Severe symmetrical arthritis
- Dactylitis
- Pauciarticular JIA
- Typically involves large joints (shoulders, elbows, hips and knees)
- 20-25% have Uveitis. Increased risk of blindness in children.
- Systemic-onset JIA
- Also known as Still's disease
- Begins with systemic symptoms (fever, rash, elevated WBC, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy). Described as "spikes of rash and fever."
- Arthritis begins later in the course of the disease
Seborrheic keratosis
- Flat, greasy, pigmented squamous epithelial proliferation with keratin-filled cysts (horn cysts)
- Coin-like, waxy, 'stuck-on' appearance
- Lesions occur on head, trunk, and extremities.
- Characterized by keratin pseudocysts on histology
- Common benign neoplasm of older persons.
- Leser-Trélat sign —sudden appearance of multiple seborrheic keratoses, indicating an underlying malignancy (eg, GI or lymphoid (less common)).
Aortic Dissection
- Longitudinal intimal tear forming a false lumen
- Associated Pathologies
- Hypertension
- Bicuspid aortic valve
- Inherited connective tissue disorders (eg, Marfan syndrome)
- Symptoms
- Tearing chest pain, of sudden onset, radiating to the back
- Unequal BP in arms (due to compression of left subclavian vein)
- CXR shows mediastinal widening.
- Cystic Medial Degeneration (Necrosis) is the classic histologic finding in Aortic Dissection
- COMPLICATIONS
- Organ Ischemia
- Aortic Rupture
- Death
- Stanford type A (proximal)
- Stanford type A involves Ascending aorta. May extend to aortic arch or descending aorta.
- May result in acute aortic regurgitation or cardiac tamponade.
- Treatment: surgery
- Stanford type B (distal)
- Stanford type B involves descending aorta and/or aortic arch. No ascending aorta involvement
- Treat medically with β-blockers, then vasodilators
AV Block Types
- 1st Degree
- 1st degree
- The PR interval is prolonged (> 200 msec)
- Benign and asymptomatic. No treatment required
- Slow conduction of AV Node
- 2nd degree
- Mobitz type I (Wenckebach)
- Mobitz type I (Wenckebach)
- Progressive lengthening of PR interval until a beat is “dropped” (a P wave not followed by a QRS complex)
- Usually asymptomatic
- Variable RR interval with a pattern (regularly irregular)
- Slow conduction of AV Node
- Mobitz type II
- Mobitz type II
- Dropped beats that are not preceded by a change in the length of the PR interval (as in type I)
- PR interval normal because problem is in Bundle of His, not AV node
- May progress to 3rd-degree block.
- Often treated with pacemaker
- 3RD DEGREE (COMPLETE)
- 3rd degree (complete)
- The atria and ventricles beat independently of each other.
- P waves and QRS complexes not rhythmically associated.
- Atrial rate > ventricular rate.
- Usually treated with pacemaker.
- Can be caused by Lyme disease.
Congenital Long QT Syndrome
- PATHOGENESIS
- Inherited Disorder of Myocardial Repolarization
- Potassium (K+) Channel Mutations
- SYMPTOMS
- Prolonged QT Interval
- Torsades de Pointes
- Increased Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
- TYPES OF SYNDROMES
- Romano-Ward Syndrome
- Autosomal Dominant
- Pure Cardiac Phenotype (No Deafness)
- Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome
- Autosomal Recessive
- Sensorineural Deafness
4 mins
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
- Autosomal Dominant
- Most Common Inherited Neuropathy
- Defective production of proteins involved in the structure and function of peripheral nerves or the myelin sheath
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- May lead to Muscle Atrophy
- Pes Cavus (High arches)
- Lower Extremity weakness
- Sensory deficit
- Decreased Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTRS)
- Deep peroneal nerve affected
Menkes Disease
- pathophysiology
- Connective tissue disease
- X-linked recessive
- Problem with collagen cross-linking
- Impared Copper Absorption and Transport
- Due to defective Menkes protein (ATP7A)
- symptoms
- Decreased activity of Lysyl Oxidase
- Brittle, Kinky Hair
- Hypotonia
- Growth Retardation
