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Biochem
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
Adenosine to Inosine
Excess ATP
Inhibition of Ribonucleotide Reductase
Prevents DNA Synthesis
Decreases B Cells and T Cells
Major cause of SCID
1 min
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
X-linked Recessive
Absence of HGPRT
Hypoxanthine to IMP
Guanine to GMP
Excess uric acid
Gout
Retardation
Self-mutilation
Choreoathetosis
PRPP is increased
2 mins
Ataxia Telangiectasia
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
ATM Gene
Defect in DNA repair
Signs & Symptoms
Cerebellar defects
Spider Angiomas
Sensitive to Radiation
Defective Tumor Suppressor Gene
Increased risk of Cancer, Leukemias, and Lymphomas
Increased AFP levels
IgA deficiency
Repeated sinopulmonary infections
2 mins
I-cell disease
Mechanism/Cause
Decrease in Mannose-6-Phosphate
Defect in Phosphotransferase
Proteins are excreted extracellulary
High Plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes
Failure of cis Golgi to phosphorylate Mannose residues
Symptoms/Findings
Clouded Corneas
Often fatal in Childood
Coarse Facies
Restricted joint movement
Also known as Mucolipidosis Type II
Collagen types
Type 1
Dermis
Bones
Tendons
Ligaments
Dentin
Cornea
Blood Vessels
Scar tissue
Type 2
Cartilage
Nucleus Pulposus
Type 3
Reticulin:
Skin
Lungs
Intestines
Blood vessels
Bone Marrow
Lymphatics
Granulation tissue
Type 4
Basement membrane
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Decreased Type I Collagen Production
Symptoms
Phenotypically Diverse
Brittle Bone Disease
Fractures from Minimal Trauma
Confused with Child Abuse
Hearing Loss
Dental Imperfections
Blue Sclera
1 min
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Types
Types
Types 1 and 2 - Classical
Type V Collagen Mutation
Joints and Skin
Type 3 - Hypermobility
Most Common
Tenascin X Deficiency
Joint Instability
Type 4 - Vascular
Type III Collagen Mutation
Vascular and Organ Rupture
2 mins
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Disease
Pathophysiology
Faulty Collagen Synthesis
Autosomal Dominant or Recessive
Various Severities
Signs and Symptoms
Hypermobile Joints
Hyperextensible Skin
Easy Bruising/Bleeding
Berry (Saccular) Aneurysm
Considerations
Brighton Criteria
2 mins
Menkes Disease
X-linked recessive
Impaired copper transport/absorption
Defect in Menkes Protein (ATP7A)
Decreased activity of Lysyl Oxidase
Symptoms
Brittle/kinky Hair
Growth Retardation
Hypotonia
Marfan Syndrome
Mechanism
Fibrillin-1 Mutation
Symptoms
Autosomal Dominant
Tall
Arachnodactyly
Pectus Excavatum
Hypermobile Joints
Aortic Aneurysm And Dissection
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
Subluxation of Lens (Superior)
2 mins
McCune Albright
Constitutively active G protein (GNAS)
Increased CAMP
Cafe au lait jagged coast of Maine border that respects midline
Fibrous dysplasia
Precocious puberty
Hypercalcemia
Increased Vitamin D
Increased Alkaline Phosphatase
Normal Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Aromatase Inhibitors
Bisphosphonates for bone lesions
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Mechanism
Maternal Imprinting
Deletion of Chromosome 15q (Paternal Deletion)
Signs And Symptoms
Hyperphagia
Truncal Obesity
Hypogonadism
Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism)
Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
Neonatal Hypotonia (Floppy Baby)
Almond Shaped Eyes
Narrow Bifrontal Diameter
Thin Upper Lip
3 mins
Angelman's Syndrome
Mechanism
Paternal Imprinting
Deletion of Chromosome 15q (Maternal Deletion)
Signs And Symptoms
Happy Puppet Syndrome
Inappropriate Laughter
Ataxia
Severe Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
Seizure
Abnormal EEG
2 mins
Mitochondrial Myopathies
Defective oxidative phosphorylation
Lactic acidosis
stroke and seizure
Cystic Fibrosis Mechanisms
Autosomal Recessive
CFTR Chromosome 7
Cl- channel Defect
Decreased Chloride Secretion
Increased Na and Water Reabsorption
Increased Na and Cl in Sweat
Dehydration of Mucous Layers
2 mins
Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosis
Sweat Chloride Test > 60 mmol/L
Meconium Ileus
Treatment
N-acetylcysteine
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Pulmonary Maintenance
Lung Transplant
Vitamin Replacement
1 min
Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms and Complications
Recurrent Pulmonary Infections
Chronic Bronchitis
Nasal Polyps
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Intestinal Obstruction
Malabsorption and Diarrhea
Vitamin Deficiencies
Chronic Hepatic Disease
Infertility in Males
1 min
Muscular Dystrophy
Mechanism
X-linked Recessive
Signs and Symptoms
Muscle Weakness
Motor Problems
Gower Sign
Large Calves
Waddling Gait
Loss of Ambulation
Consideration
Cardiac and Respiratory Failure
2 mins
Myotonic Dystrophy
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Trinucleotide Repeat
CTG
Signs and Symptoms
Facial Muscle Weakness
Frontal Balding
Sustained Grip
Conduction Defects
Cataracts
Selective Atrophy of Type 1 Fibers
Testicular Atrophy
2 mins
Fragile X
Pathophysiology
Trinucleotide Repeat
CGG Repeats
FMR1 Gene
X-linked Dominant
Signs and Symptoms
Developmental Delay
Autism
Large Ears
Large Jaw
Long Face
Macroorchidism
2 mins
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