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Step 1 FA Hemonc
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin Has Four Iron Hemes
Lots Of Hemoglobin In Red Blood Cells
High O2 Levels Increase O2 Binding
High Temperature Reduces O2 Binding
High CO2 Levels Reduce O2 Binding
Low pH Reduces O2 Binding
Myoglobin Binds Oxygen in Muscle
2 mins
Blood Types
Allele A is Dominant
Allele B is Dominant
Allele O is Recessive
Genotypes AA and AO have Type A Blood
Genotypes BB and BO have Type B Blood
Genotype AB is co-dominant and has Type AB Blood
Genotype OO Results in Type O Blood
2 mins
Blood Types and Compatibilities
ABO Compatibility
No Antigens (Type O Blood)
Universal Donor
A Antigen (Type A Blood)
B Antigen (Type B Blood)
AB Antigen (Type AB Blood)
Universal Recipient
Rhesus (Rh) Compatibility
Rh (Rhesus) Antigen
Never Rh+ to Rh-
Considerations
Blood Transfusion
Obstetric Patient
2 mins
Whole Blood Composition
Characteristics
Plasma
Electrolytes And Other Solutes
Proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Globulins
Water
Formed Elements
Buffy Coat
White Blood Cells (WBC)
Platelets
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
2 mins
RhoGam [Rho(D) Immune Globulin]
Indications
Antepartum Prevention at 28 weeks
Suppress Antibody Production
Mechanism of Action
Lysis of Fetal RBC in Maternal Bloodstream
Side Effects
Myalgia and Lethargy
Considerations
Negative Coombs Test
Standard Dose 300 mcg
Microdose 50 mcg
Blood Product
2 mins
WBC Differential Lab Value
White Blood Cells (WBC)
5-10 (5,000-10,000)
Leukocyte Differential
Neutrophils (50%-70%)
Bands (2%-5%)
Segs (50%-70%)
Lymphocytes (20%-40%)
Monocytes (4%-8%)
Eosinophils (2%-4%)
Basophils (0.5%-1.5%)
2 mins
Clotting Overview
Characteristics
Endothelial Cells are Damaged
Platelets Respond to Exposed Collagen and Stick
Platelets Release Recruiting Factors
More Platelets are Attracted
Soluble Fibrinogen Turns to Insoluble Fibrin
Fibrin Seals the Clot
Clot Dissolves
Liver Produces Clotting Factors
2 mins
Coagulation Cascade Overview
Secondary Hemostasis
Intrinsic Pathway
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Heparin
Extrinsic Pathway
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Warfarin
Common Pathway
Thrombin
Convert Fibrinogen to Fibrin
Stabilizes the Platelet Plug
2 mins
Vitamin K
Sources
Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
Synthesized by Intestinal Flora
Mechanism
Activated by Epoxide Reductase
Gamma Carboxylation of Glutamate
Activation of Clotting Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S
Considerations
Deficiency with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
Neonatal Hemorrhage with Increased PT and aPTT
Warfarin is a Vitamin K Antagonist
4 mins
Vitamin K1 (Phytonadione)
Mechanism
Synthesizes Clotting Factors II, VII, IX, X
Indications
Hypoprothrombinemia
Newborn Prophylaxis
Bleeding from Warfarin Overdose
Side Effects
Shock
Kernicterus
Cardiac Arrest
Considerations
Bile Salts required for Intestinal Absorption
Increased Risks with IV Administration
2 mins
Heme synthesis Part 1
Mitochondria
glycine + succinyl-CoA
with B6
E: aminolevulinate synthase
rate limiting step
cytoplasm
aminolevulinic acid
E: aminolevulinate dehydratase
Porphobilinogen
E: porphobilinogen deaminase
hydroxymethylbilane
Uroporphyrinogen III synthase
Uroporphyrinogen
Note: aminolevulinate = ALA
Note: glucose and heme inhibit ALA synthase
Heme synthesis Part 2
cytoplasm
Uroprophrinogen
E: uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
coproporphyrinogen III
Mitochondria
protoporphyrin
with iron (Fe2+)
E: ferrochelatase
Heme synthesis
PT/PTT Lab Values
Prothrombin Time (PT)
10-14 seconds
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT or aPTT)
25-35 seconds
1 min
Anemia Lab Values
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Serum Iron Decreased
Transferrin Increased
Ferritin Decreased
% Transferrin Saturation Decreased
Pregnancy and OCP Use
Serum Iron Normal
Transferrin Increased
Ferritin Normal
% Transferrin Saturation Decreased
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Serum Iron Decreased
Transferrin Decreased
Ferritin Increased
% Transferrin Saturation Decreased or Normal
Hemochromatosis
Serum Iron Increased
Transferrin Decreased
Ferritin Increased
% Transferrin Saturation Increased
3 mins
Microcytic Anemia Causes
MCV < 80
Causes
Thalassemias
Chronic Disease or Illness
Lead Toxicity
Late Iron Deficiency
Sideroblastic Anemia
1 min
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Causes
Malnutrition/Malabsorption
Hemorrhage
Signs
Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia
Decreased Heme Synthesis
Labs
Decreased Reticulocytes
Decreased Ferritin
Increased Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)
Poikilocytosis
Anisocytosis
Increased Central Pallor
2 mins
Iron (Ferrous Sulfate)
Mechanism
Ferrous Salts
Indications
Anemia
Side Effects
GI Distress
Nausea and Vomiting
Dark Stools
Considerations
Take Between Meals
Liquid can Stain Teeth
Keep out of Reach from Children
Caution with GI Disorders
Avoid Antacids
3 mins
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
Triad of Symptoms
Dysphagia
Esophageal Webs
Glossitis
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Association
Squamous Cell Cancer of Esophagus
1 min
Sideroblastic Anemia
Sideroblastic anemia
Defect in Heme Synthesis
X-linked defent in delta-ALA synthase gene
Decreased TIBC
Increased ferritin
Ringed sideroblasts
Basophilic stippling
C
Caused by Vitamin B6 deficiency
Caused by Copper deficiency
Isoniazid
Treat with pyridoxine
Lead Poisoning
Lead poisoning
Lead lines (on gingivae and X-ray)
encephalopathy
erythrocyte basophilic stippling
Abdominal Colic
Sideroblastic anemia
Peripheral Neuropathy
Lead inhibits ferrochelatase and ALA-dehydratase in the heme synthesis pathway
ringed sideroblasts in bone marrow
Usually from exposure to lead paint (common in homes built before 1978)
dimercaprol and EDTA for adults, succimer for kids
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