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2/22-2/26
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Characteristics
Characteristics
Mycolic Acid Cell Wall
Acid-fast
Carbolfuchsin Stain Red
Lowenstein-Jensen Agar
Serpentine Cord Factor
Primary TB
Primary TB
Caseating Granuloma
Ghon Focus
Hilar Lymph Nodes
Ghon Complex
Reactivation TB
Reactivation TB
Reactivation in Apex
3 mins
Toxoplasma gondii
Characteristics
Protozoa
Cysts in Meat or Cat Feces
Signs and Symptoms
Brain Abscess in HIV Patients
Ring-enhancing Brain Lesions
Crosses Placenta in Pregnant Women
Congenital TORCH Infection
Treatment
Pyrimethamine
Sulfadiazine
2 mins
Toxoplasma gondii TORCH
Signs and Symptoms
Congenital TORCH Infection
Mom Usually Asymptomatic
Rarely Lymphadenopathy
Nonspecific TORCH Signs
Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Hepatosplenomegaly
Deafness
Chorioretinitis
Hydrocephalus
Diagnosis
Calcifications
1 min
Clostridium perfringens
Characteristics
Gram-Positive
Bacillus
Anaerobe
Spore-Forming
Alpha Toxin Lecithinase
Phospholipase
Heat Labile Enterotoxin
Signs and Symptoms
Myonecrosis
Gas Gangrene
Food Poisoning and Diarrhea
Treatment
Hyperbaric O2 Chamber
2 mins
Proteus Mirabilis
Characteristics
Gram-Negative
Bacillus
Oxidase Negative
Urease-Positive
Swarming Motility
Non-lactose Fermenting
Symptoms
Urinary Tract Infection
Struvite Crystals
Staghorn Kidney Stones
2 mins
Aromatase Inhibitors
Indications
Estrogen Receptor-positive (ER+) Breast Tumors
Systemic Metastases
Drugs
Reversible, non-steroid
Letrozole
Anastrozole
Irreversible, steroid
Exemestane
Side Effects
Osteoporosis
Arthritis
1 min
Tamoxifen
Mechanism of Action
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)
Antagonist on Breast Tissue
Indications
ER-positive Breast Cancer
Side Effects
Decreased Risk of Osteoporosis
Increased Risk of Endometrial Cancer
Increased Risk of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
1 min
Legionella Characteristics
Characteristics
Bacillus
Poor Gram Stain
Charcoal Yeast with Iron and Cysteine
Silver Stain
Water Sources
Smokers and Heavy Drinkers
Detect Antigen in Urine
2 mins
Legionella Disease
Signs and Symptoms
High Fever
Diarrhea
Increased Liver Enzymes
Hyponatremia
Type IV Renal Tubular Acidosis
Severe Atypical Pneumonia
Pontiac Fever
Treatment
Fluoroquinolones
Macrolides
2 mins
Influenza Virus
Characteristics
RNA Virus
Orthomyxovirus
Enveloped
Negative Sense
8 Segments
Helical
Hemagglutinin for Viral Entry
Neuraminidase for Virion Release
Genetic Shift
Reassortment of genome to cause major change
Genetic Drift
Minor Antigenic Mutations
Considerations
Reye Syndrome with Aspirin Use
Guillain-Barre Syndrome
3 mins
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Stages
Primary Infection
Within 3 Weeks
Flu-like Symptoms
Asymptomatic Stage
Years
Symptomatic Stage
CD4+ < 500
AIDS
Opportunistic Infections
CD4+ < 200
2 mins
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Assessment
Assessment
RNA Retrovirus
CD4+ Helper T Cells
Primary Infection
Flu-like Symptoms
Lymphadenopathy
Symptomatic Stage
Fatigue
Diarrhea
Unexplained Weight Loss
White Spots on Tongue
Persistent Fever
Night Sweats
2 mins
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Diagnosis
HIV-1/2 Antigen/Antibody Immunoassay
HIV-1/2 Antibody Differentiation Immunoassay
Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT)
Viral Load
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Neonates
3 mins
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Interventions
Interventions
Adequate Nutrition
Small Frequent Meals
IV Hydration
Emotional Support
HIV Medications
HAART
Considerations
Transmission Education
Strict Asepsis for Invasive Procedures
Treat Opportunistic Infections
2 mins
HIV CD4+ 100
Signs and Symptoms
Aspergillus fumigatus
Cryptococcus neoformans
Candida albicans (Esophagitis)
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) B-cell lymphoma
Toxoplasma gondii
Cryptosporidium
Bartonella henselae
5 mins
HIV CD4+ 200
Signs and Symptoms
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
JC Virus
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
(HIV) Dementia
Histoplasmosis
3 mins
HIV CD4+ 500
Signs and Symptoms
Candida albicans (Oral Thrush)
Kaposi's Sarcoma (HHV-8)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Epstein-Barr Virus (Oral Hairy Leukoplakia)
3 mins
HIV Prophylaxis Medications
CD4+ < 200
TMP-SMX
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
CD4+ < 100 Susceptible to Toxoplasma Gondii
CD4+ < 50
Mycobacterium Avium and Intracellulare
Azithromycin If Delayed Therapy
2 mins
Octreotide
Indications
Acute Variceal Bleeds
Pituitary Tumors
GH Secreting Tumors
Carcinoid Tumors
VIPoma
Mechanism
Somatostatin Analog
2 mins
Oxytocin (Pitocin)
Mechanism of Action
Increase Uterine Contractions
Indications
Labor Induction
Control Postpartum Hemorrhage
Side Effects
Uterine Rupture
Water Intoxication
Contraindications
Fetal Lung Immaturity
Cervix Not Ripened
Active Genital Herpes Infection
Considerations
Use Lowest Dose
IV Pump
3 mins
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