Jose Shared "Epidemio & Ethics 2" - 10 Picmonics
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Epidemio & Ethics 2
Cross-Sectional Study
- Observational
- (Asks) "What's Happening?"
- Data at One Specific Point in Time
- (Finds) Frequency of Disease
- Measurement
- Prevalence
49 secs
Case Control Study
- Observational
- Retrospective
- Compares those with disease to those without
- (Asks) "What happened?"
- Measurement
- Odds Ratio
47 secs
Cohort Study
- Observational
- Longitudinal
- Studies risk from exposure
- Retrospective
- (Asks) "Who developed disease?"
- Prospective
- (Asks) "Who will develop disease?"
1 min
Relative Risk (RR)
- Use
- Used in Cohort Studies
- Formula
- Risk of Developing Disease
- Equals =
- Exposed Group
- a / (a + b)
- Divided by /
- Unexposed Group
- c / (c + d)
- When Low Prevalence Odds Ratio Approximates Relative Risk
2 mins
Odds Ratio (OR)
- Use
- Case Control Studies
- Measures Association Between an Exposure and an Outcome
- Formula
- Odds of Exposure in Diseased (Sick) Group
- a / c
- Divided /
- Odds of Exposure in Healthy Group
- b / d
- Interpretation
- =1 Exposure does not affect odds
- > 1 Exposure increases disease
- < 1 Exposure decreases disease
2 mins
Attributable Risk (AR)
- Use
- Proportion Exposure Increases Disease
- Formula
- Incidence of Diseased (Sick)
- Equals =
- Exposed Group
- a / (a + b)
- Minus -
- Unexposed Group
- c / (c + d)
1 min
Bias
- Bias is a personal or social perspective
- Bias affects the way people view a situation
- Examples of Bias
- Conflict of interest or funding bias
- Personal Prejudices
- Strong opinions about the hypothesis
- Surprised by findings
2 mins
Sensitivity
- Characteristics
- Rules Out
- Screening Test
- Formula
- TP / (FN+TP)
2 mins
Specificity
- Characteristics
- Rules In
- Confirmatory Test
- Formula
- TN / (TN + FP)
1 min
Validity vs. Reliability
- A valid experiment tests the hypothesis, but may not be reliable
- A reliable experiment is repeatable with consistent results, but may not be valid
- Some experiments are neither valid nor reliable
- An experiment should be valid and reliable for the conclusion to be trustworthy
2 mins
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