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Microbiology
Fungi Basic Characteristics
Characteristics
Hyphae
Mycelium
Septa
Chitin
Saprophytic
Digestive Enzymes
Sexual Reproduction
Haploid Spores
Yeast Budding
2 mins
Aspergillus fumigatus
Characteristics
Fungi
Monomorphic
Septate Hyphae
Branch at Acute Angles
Fruiting Bodies
Disease
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Eosinophilia
Increased IgE
Glucocorticoids +/- Azoles
Pulmonary Aspergillosis
TB Cavity
Lung Aspergilloma
Hemoptysis
Invasive Aspergillosis
AIDS/Immunocompromised
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Hemorrhagic Infarction
Necrotizing Bronchopneumonia
Voriconazole +/- Caspofungin
3 mins
Candida Albicans
Fungi
Yeast with Pseudohyphae at 20 Degrees C
Germ Tube Formation at 37 Degrees C
Pruritic Vaginitis
White Cottage Cheese Discharge
Fiery Red Mucosa
Diabetics
Antibiotic Use
Esophageal Thrush in Immunocompromised
Diaper Rash
Endocarditis in IV Drug Users
2 mins
Cryptococcus neoformans
Characteristics
Monomorphic
Encapsulated
Polysaccharide Capsule
Narrow-Based Buds
Latex Agglutination
Pigeons
India Ink
Mucicarmine stain
Signs and Symptoms
AIDS/Immunocompromised
Meningitis
Soap Bubble Lesions in Brain
Pneumonia
Treatment
Fluconazole
Flucytosine
Amphotericin
3 mins
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Fungi
AIDS/Immunocompromised
Fever
Hypoxemia
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Biopsy
Methenamine Silver Stain
Saucer/cup shaped yeast forms
Diffuse interstitial pneumonia CXR
TMP-SMX
Start prophylaxis when CD4 drops under 200
1 min
Mucor and Rhizopus
Characteristics
Fungi
Irregular Non-septate Hyphae
Branching Wide Angles over 90 degrees
Signs and Symptoms
Leukemic Patients
Proliferate due to excess ketones and glucose
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Rhinocerebral frontal lobe abscess
Penetrate cribriform plate into brain
Black Necrotic Eschars on Face
2 mins
Sporothrix Schenckii
Characteristics
Fungi
Thermally Dimorphic
Cigar-shaped Yeast Forms
Rose Thorn Prick
Packaging Peat Moss
Signs & Symptoms
Local Pustule or Ulcer
Nodules on Draining Lymphatics
Treatment
Potassium Iodide
Itraconazole
2 mins
Blastomyces
Characteristics
Fungi
Hyphae Form at 20°-25°C
Yeast Form at 37°C
Round Yeast
5-15 Micrometer (um or μm)
Single Broad-Based Buds
Thick Doubly-Refractive Walls
East of the Mississippi River and Around the Great Lakes
Signs and Symptoms
Pneumonia
Skin Infection
Bone Infection
Granulomatous Response
Treatment
Itraconazole
Amphotericin B
3 mins
Histoplasmosis
Fungi
2-5 um
Yeast Cells within Macrophages
Starling Bird Poop
Bat Poop
Caves
Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys
Pneumonia
Caseating Granuloma
Erythema Nodosum
1 min
Coccidioidomycosis
Characteristics
Fungi
Dimorphic
Southwest
After earthquakes
Spherule
20-60 um
Signs and Symptoms
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Bone Infection
Skin infections
Erythema Nodosum
Granulomatous Inflammation
Caseous Necrosis
2 mins
Paracoccidioido-mycosis
Fungi
Latin America
Common in Brazil
Budding yeast with captain wheel formation
40-50 um
Pneumonia
39 secs
Pityriasis Versicolor (Tinea versicolor)
Mechanism
Lipid-Dependent Fungus
Fatty Acids Damage Melanocytes
Malassezia Furfur
Hot, Humid Weather
Signs and Symptoms
Hypopigmentation
Hyperpigmented Patches
Diagnosis
Spaghetti and Meatball Appearance on KOH Prep
Fragmented Hyphae with Clusters of Yeast
Treatment
Topical or Oral Antifungals
Selenium Sulfide
Zinc
4 mins
Cephalosporins Overview
Mechanism of Action
Beta lactam drug
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
Bactericidal
Side Effects
Hypersensitivity reactions
Vitamin K Deficiency
Disulfiram like reaction with Alcohol
Increased Nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides
1 min
1st Generation Cephalosporin
Drug Names
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Indications (PEcK Mnemonic)
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Klebsiella
Gram-Positive Cocci
1 min
2nd Generation Cephalosporin
Drug Names
Cefoxitin
Cefaclor
Cefuroxime
Indications (PEcK HENS Mnemonic)
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Klebsiella
Gram-Positive Cocci
Haemophilus influenzae
Enterobacter
Neisseria
Serratia marcescens
2 mins
3rd Generation Cephalosporin
Drug Names
Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
Cefdinir
Ceftazidime
Pseudomonas
Indications
Serious Gram-Negative Bacteria Resistant to Other Beta-Lactams
1 min
4th Generation Cephalosporin
Drug Name
Cefepime
Indications
Increased Activity Against Gram-Positive Infections and Pseudomonas
29 secs
5th Generation Cephalosporin
Mechanism
Beta-Lactam
Indications
Resistant Bacteria
Broad Spectrum Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative
Drugs
Ceftobiprole
Has Pseudomonas Coverage
Ceftaroline
No Pseudomonas Coverage
1 min
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Drug Names
30S inhibitors
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
50S inhibitors
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Erythromycin
Lincomycin
Linezolid
3 mins
Clindamycin
Mechanism of Action
Bacteriostatic
Binds 50S Ribosomal Subunit
Blocks Translocation
Indications
Anaerobic Infections above the Diaphragm
Aspiration Pneumonia
Lung Abscess
Side Effects
Can Cause Pseudomembranous Colitis
1 min
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