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BioChem Mobile test
Vitamin A (Retinol) Toxicity
Signs and Symptoms
Alopecia
Vision Changes
Headache
Skin Changes
Hyperlipidemia
Hepatotoxicity
Arthralgias
Teratogen
Cleft palate
Cardiac Abnormalities
3 mins
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Causes
Causes
Vegans
Pernicious Anemia
Gastric Bypass Surgery
Malabsorption
Sprue
Enteritis
Crohn's Disease
Diphyllobothrium latum
4 mins
Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Most Common Urea Cycle Disorder
X-Linked Recessive
Signs and Symptoms
Hyperammonemia
Decreased BUN
Carbamoyl Phosphate is Converted to Orotic Acid
Pyrimidine Synthesis Pathway
Evident in Babies
3 mins
Myotonic Dystrophy
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Trinucleotide Repeat
CTG
Signs and Symptoms
Facial Muscle Weakness
Frontal Balding
Sustained Grip
Conduction Defects
Cataracts
Selective Atrophy of Type 1 Fibers
Testicular Atrophy
2 mins
Huntington's Disease
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Trinucleotide Repeat
CAG Repeats
Chromosome 4
Anticipation
Caudate
Decrease of ACh
Decrease of GABA
Signs and Symptoms
Chorea
Dementia
Depression
Glutamate Toxicity
Neuronal Death via NMDA Binding
3 mins
Hartnup Disease
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
Neutral amino acids
Defective Transporter
Renal and Intestinal cells
Signs and Symptoms
Causes tryptophan excretion in urine
Leads to Pellagra
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
2 mins
Gauchers Disease
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
Beta Glucocerebrosidase Deficiency
Diagnosis
Lipid-laden Macrophages
Crumpled Tissue Paper
Signs and Symptoms
Osteoporosis
Bone Crises
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur
Erlenmeyer Flask Deformity
Hepatosplenomegaly
Pancytopenia
2 mins
Fructose Intolerance
Pathophysiology
Deficiency of Aldolase B
Fructose 1-P To DHAP And GA
Accumulation Of Fructose-1-Phosphate
Inhibition Of Glycogenolysis
Inhibition Of Gluconeogenesis
Clinical Features
Hypoglycemia
Vomiting
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Autosomal Recessive
2 mins
Vitamin K
Sources
Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
Synthesized by Intestinal Flora
Mechanism
Activated by Epoxide Reductase
Gamma Carboxylation of Glutamate
Activation of Clotting Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S
Considerations
Deficiency with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
Neonatal Hemorrhage with Increased PT and aPTT
Warfarin is a Vitamin K Antagonist
4 mins
Edwards Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Trisomy 18
Signs and Symptoms
Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
Rocker Bottom Feet
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Clenched Hands
Overlapping Fingers
Low-Set Ears
Micrognathia
Prominent Occiput
Omphalocele
Meckel's Diverticulum
Horseshoe Kidney
Malrotation of Intestines
3 mins
Patau Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Trisomy 13
Signs and Symptoms
Severe Intellectual Disability
Microcephaly
Holoprosencephaly
Microphthalmia
Polydactyly
Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate
Rocker Bottom Feet
Omphalocele
Cystic Kidneys
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
2 mins
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Pyridoxal Phosphate
Mechanism
Transamination
Decarboxylation
Glycogen Phosphorylase
Cystathionine Synthase
Functions
Heme Synthesis
Niacin Synthesis
Neurotransmitter Synthesis
2 mins
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Characteristics
X-Linked
Acquired from Thiamine Deficiency
Backup of Alanine and Pyruvate
Symptoms and Complications
Neurologic Defects
Lactic Acidosis
Interventions
Ketogenic Nutrients
Lysine and Leucine (Ketogenic Nutrients)
2 mins
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Classification
Vitamin B2
Biochemistry
FAD
FAD Makes 1.5 ATP
Succinate to Fumarate
DEFICIENCY
Glossitis
Cheilosis
Corneal Vascularization
2 mins
Hurler Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Alpha-L-Iduronidase Deficiency
Increased Heparan Sulfate
Increased Dermatan Sulfate
Signs and Symptoms
Hepatosplenomegaly
Developmental Delay
Gargoylism
Corneal Clouding
Airway Obstruction
2 mins
Vitamin D Deficiency
Signs & Symptoms
Rickets in children
Bending bones
Rachitic rosary
Breast milk has decreased vitamin D
Osteomalacia in adults
Tetany from Hypocalcemia
2 mins
Niemann-Pick Disease
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
Sphingomyelinase Deficiency
More Common in Ashkenazi Jewish Population
Signs and Symptoms
Cherry Red Spot on Macula
Hepatosplenomegaly
Neurodegeneration
Diagnosis
Foam Cells
1 min
Cri Du Chat
Pathophysiology
Congenital Deletion of Short Arm of Chromosome 5p
Signs and Symptoms
High Pitched Cry/Mewing
Microcephaly
Hypotonia
Difficulty Sucking and Swallowing
Epicanthal Folds
Widely Spaced Eyes
Wide & Flat Nasal Bridge
High Arched Palate
Intellectual Disability
Cardiac Abnormalities
3 mins
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency
Deficiency From Isoniazid
Deficiency From Oral Contraceptives
Seizures
Hyperirritability
Peripheral Neuropathy
Sideroblastic Anemia
3 mins
Pompe Disease
Pathophysiology
Type II Glycogen Storage Disease
Autosomal Recessive
Deficiency of Lysosomal Alpha 1,4 Glucosidase
Acid Maltase
Signs and Symptoms
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hepatomegaly
Macroglossia
Hypotonia
Diagnosis
Increased Glycogen within Lysosomes
Increased Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
Increased Creatine Kinase (CK/CPK)
2 mins
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