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Bacteria
1st Generation Cephalosporin
Drug Names
Cefazolin
Cephalexin
Indications (PEcK Mnemonic)
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Klebsiella
Gram-Positive Cocci
1 min
2nd Generation Cephalosporin
Drug Names
Cefoxitin
Cefaclor
Cefuroxime
Indications (PEcK HENS Mnemonic)
Proteus mirabilis
E. coli
Klebsiella
Gram-Positive Cocci
Haemophilus influenzae
Enterobacter
Neisseria
Serratia marcescens
2 mins
3rd Generation Cephalosporin
Drug Names
Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
Cefdinir
Ceftazidime
Pseudomonas
Indications
Serious Gram-Negative Bacteria Resistant to Other Beta-Lactams
1 min
4th Generation Cephalosporin
Drug Name
Cefepime
Indications
Increased Activity Against Gram-Positive Infections and Pseudomonas
29 secs
5th Generation Cephalosporin
Mechanism
Beta-Lactam
Indications
Resistant Bacteria
Broad Spectrum Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative
Drugs
Ceftobiprole
Has Pseudomonas Coverage
Ceftaroline
No Pseudomonas Coverage
1 min
Actinomyces Israelii
Characteristics
Gram-Positive
Bacillus
Anaerobe
Branching
Oral Flora
Dental Work
Oral Trauma
Associated with IUDs
Signs and Symptoms
GU Infections
Draining Sinus Tract
Facial Abscess
Yellow Sulfur Granules
Treatment
Penicillin
2 mins
Aminoglycosides
Drug Names
Gentamicin
Neomycin for Bowel Surgery Prep
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin
Mechanism of Action
Bactericidal
Inhibit Formation of Initiation Complex
Cause Misreading of mRNA
Require O2 for Uptake
Resistance
Resistance by Transferase Enzymes
Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Adenylation
Indications
Gram-Negative Rod Infections
Synergistic with B-Lactam Antibiotics
Side Effects
Nephrotoxicity Especially When Used with Cephalosporins
Ototoxicity Especially When Used with Loop Diuretics
Teratogen
5 mins
Aminopenicillin Mechanisms
Indications
Broader Spectrum
Drug Names
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Mechanism and Characteristics
Beta-Lactamase Sensitive
Combine with Clavulanic Acid
Side Effects
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Ampicillin Rash
Pseudomembranous Colitis
2 mins
Aminopenicillin Uses
Drug Names
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Indications
Shigella
Haemophilus Influenzae
Salmonella
Listeria
Enterococci
Proteus Mirabilis
E. Coli
1 min
Amphotericin B
Indications
Systemic Mycosis
Fungal Meningitis
Last Resort for Protozoan infections
Mechanism
Polyene
Binds Ergosterol
Forms Membrane Pores
1 min
Amphotericin B Side Effects & Toxicity
Side Effects
Fever/Chills "Shake and Bake"
Nephrotoxicity
Milder with Liposomes
Hypotension
Anemia
IV Phlebitis
Arrhythmias
1 min
Aspergillus fumigatus
Characteristics
Fungi
Monomorphic
Septate Hyphae
Branch at Acute Angles
Fruiting Bodies
Disease
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)
Eosinophilia
Increased IgE
Glucocorticoids +/- Azoles
Pulmonary Aspergillosis
TB Cavity
Lung Aspergilloma
Hemoptysis
Invasive Aspergillosis
AIDS/Immunocompromised
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Hemorrhagic Infarction
Necrotizing Bronchopneumonia
Voriconazole +/- Caspofungin
3 mins
Azoles (Ketoconazole)
"-azole" suffix
Indications
Local and Less Serious Systemic Mycosis
Mechanism
Inhibits Ergosterol Synthesis
Inhibits P450
Side Effects
Liver Dysfunction
Inhibition of Testosterone Synthesis
1 min
Aztreonam
Monobactam
Resistant to beta lactamases
Binds to penicillin binding protein (PBP)
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
No Activity on Gram-Positives or Anaerobes
Gram-Negative Rods
Non allergenic to penicillin
Synergistic with aminoglycosides
2 mins
Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax) Characteristics
Characteristics
Gram-Positive
Spore-Forming
D-glutamate Polypeptide Capsule
Protective Antigen
Lethal Toxin
Edema Factor
Increased cAMP
1 min
Bacillus Anthracis (Anthrax) Disease
Signs and Symptoms
Cutaneous
Painless Black Eschar (Necrotic Lesion)
Pulmonary
Mediastinal Widening
Rapidly Fatal
Woolsorter's Disease
Gastrointestinal
Consuming Anthrax-infected Meat
2 mins
Bacillus Cereus Characteristics
Gram-Positive
Bacilli
Endospore Forming
B Hemolytic
Toxins and Enterotoxins
Reheated Rice
1 min
Bacillus Cereus Disease
Signs and Symptoms
Emetic Form
Short Incubation (1-6 Hours)
Nausea and Vomiting
Diarrheal Form
Long Incubation (8-16 Hours)
Diarrhea and GI Pain
2 mins
Bacteroides Fragilis
Characteristics
Gram-Negative
Anaerobe
Normal Colonic Flora
Produces Vitamin K
Produces Gas in Tissue
Foul-Smelling
Signs and Symptoms
Gastrointestinal Abscess
Treatment
Penicillin-Resistant
Clindamycin
Metronidazole
2 mins
Bartonella henselae
Characteristics
Gram-Negative
Pleomorphic
Bacillus
Signs and Symptoms
Cat Scratch Fever
Lymphadenopathy
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Patients with AIDS
Mimics Kaposi Sarcoma
Benign
Reactive Arthritis
Non-Caseating Granuloma
2 mins
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