Alexis Shared "PHYS PHINAL" - 54 Picmonics
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PHYS PHINAL
Alveolar Gas Equation
- Equation
- Partial Pressure of Alveolar Oxygen (PAO2)
- Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Inspired Air (PIO2)
- PIO2 Normally Approximated = 150 mmHg
- Arterial Partial Pressure of CO2 (PaCO2)
- Respiratory Quotient (R)
- R Normally Approximated = 0.8
- PAO2 = PIO2 - (PaCO2/R)
1 min
Physiologic Dead Space (VD)
- Tidal Volume (VT)
- Partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2)
- Partial pressure of CO2 in expired air (PECO2)
- VD = TV x (PaCO2-PECO2) / PaCO2
2 mins
Exercise pulmonary
- Overview:
- increased oxygen DEMAND
- increased respiratory rate (hyperventilation)
- increased Tidal volume
- minute ventilation
- Arterial
- Arterial Partial Pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) the same
- Partial pressure of arterial O2 (PaO2) the same
- Arterial Partial Pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) the same
- Arterioles
- venous
- Veins
- Skeletal muscle adds CO2 to veins
- pulmonary blood flow
- Increased cardiac output
- increased pulmonary blood flow
- decreased pulmonary resistance
High Blood Pressure Response
- Characteristics
- Atria Release Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Vasodilation
- Antagonizes Aldosterone
- Na+ and Water Excreted
1 min
Pulmonary pressures
- Pleural Pressure
- Alveolar Pressure
- Transpulmonary Pressure
- Volume Pressure Curves for Lungs/Chest
- 5 cm H2O
Low Blood Pressure Response
- Characteristics
- Posterior Pituitary Releases Vasopressin
- Vasoconstriction
- Adrenal Cortex Releases Aldosterone
- Increased Na+ and H2O Reabsorption
1 min
Renal Clearance
- Characteristics
- Estimates Volume of Substance Cleared by Kidney Per Unit Time
- Creatinine Clearance Used to Estimate GFR
- Equation
- Cx = (Ux/Px) * V
- Variables
- Urine Concentration of Substance X (Ux)
- Plasma Concentration of Substance X (Px)
- Urine Flow Rate (V)
2 mins
Stages of Renal Disease
- Stage 1-GFR > 90ml/min with proteinuria and microalbuminuria
- Stage 2-GFR between 60-89 ml/min
- Stage 3-GFR between 30-59
- Stage 4-GFR between 15-29 (Severe)
- Stage 5-GRF
- Chronic Kidney Disease Begins at stage 3 or higher
- Hypertension is directly correlated with stage
- Increased Risk of Death from Cardiovascular disease stage 3 and higher
- Erythropoietin is low beginning at stage 4
- Hypocalcemia is seen in stage 4 and 5
- Vitamin D Deficiency
- Hyperkalemia seen in stage 4 and 5
- Hyperphosphatemia and Hypocalcemia
- Gadolinium Contrast should be avoided
Neuron Action Potential Initiation
- Characteristics
- Summation of Signals
- -50 mV Threshold Value Reached
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Open
- Local Depolarization
- Na+ Influx
- Potassium Channels open
- Repolarization
2 mins
Neuron Action Potential Propagation
- Characteristics
- Unidirectional Depolarization
- Absolute Refractory Period In Preceding Na+ Channels
- Neighboring Voltage Gate Channels Open
- Nodes of Ranvier
- Myelination Increases Propagation Speed
- Saltatory Conduction
3 mins
Neuron Resting Potential
- Characteristics
- More Na+ Outside
- Sodium-Potassium Pump
- K+ Leaks Out
- More K+ Inside
- About -70mV
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels are Closed
2 mins
Motor Neuron Signs UMN and LMN
- Upper Motor Neuron (Increases)
- Increased DTRs
- Positive Babinski
- Spastic Paralysis
- Clasp-Knife Reaction
- Lower Motor Neuron (Decreases)
- Decreased DTRs
- Negative Babinski
- Flaccid Paralysis
- Muscle Atrophy
- Fasciculations
2 mins
Skeletal Muscle Contraction Action
- Characteristics
- Calcium Binds Troponin
- Active Site Exposed
- Many Mitochondria Produce ATP
- Myosin Head Binds
- Power Stroke
- Myosin Head Releases Active Site
- ATP Consumed
1 min
cardiac action potentials
- sodium channels open
- upstroke
- Repolarization
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels close
- calcium influx
- Smooth Muscle Contraction
- Repolarization
- closure of calcium channels
- Resting Potential
- potassium efflux
- potassium efflux
Somatic Reflex Arc
- Spinal Cord
- Sensory (Afferent) Neuron
- Interneurons Transmit
- Motor (Efferent) Neuron
- Effector Targets
1 min
Pressure-volume loop
- Phases—left ventricle
- Isovolumetric contraction: period between mitral valve closing (S1 sound is heard) and aortic valve opening. Period of highest O2 consumption
- Systolic ejection: period between aortic valve opening and closing
- Isovolumetric relaxation: period between aortic valve closing (S2 can be heard) and mitral valve opening
- Rapid filling: period just after mitral valve opening (S3 occurs)
- Reduced filling: period just before mitral valve closing
- CHANGES
- Increased Preload (Moves to the right like the letter P)
- Increased Afterload (Tall and Skinny like the letter A)
- Increased Contractility (Moves to the left like the letter C)
Coagulation Cascade
- Secondary Hemostasis
- Intrinsic Pathway
- Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
- Heparin
- Extrinsic Pathway
- Prothrombin Time (PT)
- Warfarin
- Common Pathway
- Thrombin
- Convert Fibrinogen to Fibrin
- Stabilizes the Platelet Plug
2 mins
Types of Blood Products
- Types
- Whole Blood
- Packed Red Blood Cells
- Fresh Frozen Plasma
- Immunoglobulins
- Clotting Factors
- Albumin
- Platelets
- Considerations
- Use within 24 Hours
- Washing Removes Antibodies
- Irradiation Destroys WBCs
2 mins
PHASES OF WOUND HEALING
- Inflammatory (up to 3 days after wound) Platelets, neutrophils, macrophages Clot formation, ÂŹ vessel permeability and neutrophil migration into tissue; macrophages clear debris 2 days later
- Proliferative (day 3–weeks after wound) Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages Deposition of granulation tissue and type III collagen, angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation, dissolution of clot, and wound contract
- Remodeling (1 week–6+ months after wound) Fibroblasts Type III collagen replaced by type I collagen,  tensile strength of tissue
Vitamin K
- Sources
- Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
- Synthesized by Intestinal Flora
- Mechanism
- Activated by Epoxide Reductase
- Gamma Carboxylation of Glutamate
- Activation of Clotting Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S
- Considerations
- Deficiency with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
- Neonatal Hemorrhage with Increased PT and aPTT
- Warfarin is a Vitamin K Antagonist
4 mins
