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Brain II
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Assessment
Progressive Muscle Weakness
Systemic Muscle Wasting
Fasciculations
Spasticity
Fatigue
Considerations
Riluzole (Rilutek)
Stretching
Little to No Cognitive Decline
Respiratory Support
Palliative Care
2 mins
Benzodiazepines Overview
Indications
First Line for Status Epilepticus
Anesthesia Induction
Anxiety
Eclampsia
Detoxification
Mechanism of Action
'-zepam' and '-zolam" Suffix
Increase Frequency of Cl- Channel Opening
Side Effects
Decrease REM Sleep
CNS Depression
Dependence
Antidote
Flumazenil for Overdose
2 mins
Carbamazepine
Indications
First-line Seizure Medication
First Line for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Mechanism of Action
Stabilizes Inactive State of Na+ Channels
Side Effects
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Induce Cytochrome P450
Teratogen
Hepatotoxicity
Blood Dyscrasias
2 mins
Ethosuximide
Indications
First Line Absence Seizure Treatment
Mechanism of Action
Blocks Thalamic T-Type Ca2+ Channels
Side Effects
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Fatigue
Diarrhea
32 secs
Gabapentin
Primary Indication
Seizure Treatment
Secondary Indications
Peripheral Neuropathy
Postherpetic Neuralgia
Bipolar Disorder
Migraine Prophylaxis
Characteristics
Inhibits Voltage-Gated Ca2+ channels
Designed as a GABA Analog
Side Effects
Ataxia
Sedation
2 mins
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Most Common Malignant Primary Brain Tumor
Grade 4 Astrocytoma
Can Cross Corpus Callosum
Butterfly Glioma
Pseudo-palisading Tumor Cells
Areas of Necrosis and Hemorrhage
Stain Astrocytes for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
Grave Prognosis
2 mins
Huntington's Disease
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Trinucleotide Repeat
CAG Repeats
Chromosome 4
Anticipation
Caudate
Decrease of ACh
Decrease of GABA
Signs and Symptoms
Chorea
Dementia
Depression
Glutamate Toxicity
Neuronal Death via NMDA Binding
3 mins
Lamotrigine
Indications
Seizure Treatment
Bipolar Disorder
Mechanism of Action
Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
Side Effect
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
1 min
Myasthenia Gravis
Mechanism
Antibodies to Acetylcholine Receptor
Symptoms
Ptosis
Diplopia
Weakness with Muscle Use
Respiratory Death
Thymus Associated
Treatment
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Plasmapheresis
Thymectomy
1 min
Oligodendroglioma
Slow growing tumor
Frontal lobe
Chicken Wire Pattern
Fried egg appearance
Calcifications
32 secs
Parkinson's Disease Assessment
Assessment
Decreased Dopamine
Older Adult
Cogwheel Rigidity
Bradykinesia
Shuffling Gait
Resting Tremor
Pill-Rolling
Mask-Like Face
Cognitive Decline
2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Interventions
Medications
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
Entacapone (Comtan)
Selegiline (Eldepryl)
Amantadine (Symmetrel)
Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
Benztropine (Cogentin)
Considerations
Allow Extra Time
Ensure Patient Safety
Surgery As Last Resort
2 mins
Parkinson's Drugs
Parkinsons Characteristics
Decreased Dopamine
Increased Acetylcholine
Drug Names
BALSA Acronym
Bromocriptine
Amantadine
Levodopa
Selegiline
Antimuscarinics
2 mins
Phenobarbital (Barbiturates)
Mechanism
Barbiturate
Indications
Seizures
Side Effects
Ataxia
Paradoxical Excitement
Fatigue/Drowsiness
Considerations
Monitor Plasma Levels
High Potential for Abuse
1 min
Phenytoin
Indications
Status Epilepticus
Tonic-Clonic Seizures
Mechanism of Action
Blocks Na+ Channel Activation
Inhibition of Glutamate Release
Class IB Antiarrhythmic
Side Effects
Teratogenic
Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
Induce Cytochrome P450
Drug-induced Lupus
Neuropathy
Hirsutism
Gingival Hyperplasia
1 min
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Occurs Most Commonly in Kids
Posterior Fossa
Cerebellum
Well Circumscribed
GFAP
Rosenthal Fibers
Eosinophilic Corkscrew Fibers
1 min
Somatic Reflex Arc
Spinal Cord
Sensory (Afferent) Neuron
Interneurons Transmit
Motor (Efferent) Neuron
Effector Targets
1 min
Topiramate
Indications
Seizure Treatment
Migraine Prophylaxis
Mechanism of Action
Increase GABA Action
Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
Side Effects
Kidney Stones
Weight Loss
Sedation
1 min
Types of Seizures
Tonic-clonic
Tonic
Clonic
Absence (Petit Mal)
Myoclonic
Atonic
Partial (Focal) Seizure
Simple Partial
Complex Partial
2 mins
Valproic Acid
Indications
First Line Tonic-Clonic Seizure Treatment
Bipolar Disorder
Migraine Prophylaxis
Mechanism of Action
Increases GABA Concentration
Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
Side Effect
GI Distress
Contraindication
Contraindicated in Pregnancy
1 min
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