Varicocele
- Dilation of Pampiniform Plexus Veins
- Soft Left-Sided Scrotal Mass
- Bag of Worms
- Increased Size with Standing or Valsalva
- Decreased Size while Supine
- Testicular Atrophy
- Subfertility
- Ultrasound
- Retrograde Venous Flow
- Surgical Gonadal Vein Ligation
- Scrotal Support
Hydrocele
- Impaired Lymphatic Drainage
- Large Scrotum
- Painless
- Needle Aspiration or Surgery
- Scrotal Support
- Monitor for Bleeding and Infection
Wilms' Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
- Malignant Renal Tumor
- Abdominal Mass
- Hematuria
- Fever
- Hypertension
- Nephrectomy
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
- Do Not Palpate Abdomen
- Children Under 5 Years Old
Minimal Change Disease
- Nephrotic
- Most Common in Children
- May be Triggered by Recent Infection or Immune Stimulus
- On Electron Microscopy (EM) See Foot Process (Podocyte) Effacement
- On Light Microscopy (LM) See Normal Glomeruli
- Loss of Negative Charge
- Selective Loss of Albumin
- Responds to Corticosteroids
Berger's Disease (IgA Nephropathy)
- Nephritic
- IgA Nephropathy
- Immune Complex Deposit in Mesangium
- Increased Synthesis of IgA
- Most Common Cause of Nephritic Syndrome
- Overlapping Features with Henoch–Schönlein Purpura
- Presents with Pharyngitis, URI or Acute Gastroenteritis
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
- Most Common Childhood Vasculitis
- Follows Pharyngeal or Respiratory Infection
- Palpable Purpura on Legs and Buttocks
- Arthralgia
- Intestinal Hemorrhage
- Black Stool (Melena)
- Associated with IgA Nephropathy
Potter Sequence
- Oligohydramnios
- Limb Deformities
- Facial Anomalies
- Pulmonary Hypoplasia (Most Common Cause of Death)
- Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
- Posterior Urethral Valves
- Chronic Placental Insufficiency
- Bilateral Renal Agenesis
Testicular Torsion
- Sudden Twisting of Spermatic Cord
- Affects Neonates and Adolescents
- Bell Clapper Deformity
- Severe Acute Testicular Pain
- Abnormal Testicular Position
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Doppler Ultrasound of the Scrotum
- Emergent Surgical Intervention
- Manual Detorsion
- Testicular Infarction
- Infertility in Males
Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC)
- O157:H7
- Non-Sorbitol Fermenting
- Hamburger Meat
- Produces Shiga-like Toxin
- Gram-negative
- Lysogeny
- Inactivates 60S Ribosome
- Bloody Diarrhea
- Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Acute Renal Failure
- Thrombocytopenia
Horseshoe Kidney
- Fusion of Inferior Renal Poles
- Inferior Mesenteric Artery
- Normal Renal Function
- Turner Syndrome
- Trisomy Syndromes
- Ultrasound
- Hydronephrosis
- Nephrolithiasis
- Infection
- Increased Risk of Renal Cancer
- Excellent Prognosis