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Biochemistry | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Glycolysis
- Characteristics
- Glucose
- Hexokinase or Glucokinase
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Aldolase
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphoglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Pyruvate Kinase
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Acetyl-CoA
4 mins
Gluconeogenesis
- OVERVIEW
- Produces Glucose from Non-Carbohydrate Substrates
- Upregulated by Glucagon and Cortisol
- PATHWAY
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Carboxylase
- Oxaloacetate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Glucose
- Clinical Relevance
- Von Gierke Disease
4 mins
Fructose Metabolism
- Liver Fructose Metabolism
- Fructose
- Fructokinase
- Fructose-1-Phosphate
- Aldolase B
- DHAP
- Glyceraldehyde
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
2 mins
Ethanol Metabolism
- Characteristics
- Zero Order Elimination
- Pathway
- Ethanol
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase
- Produces NADH
- Acetaldehyde
- Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase
- Produces NADH
- Acetate
- Thiokinase
- Acetyl-CoA
- Drugs
- Fomepizole
- Disulfiram
3 mins
Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis
- Lipid Metabolism
- Acetyl-CoA
- Biotin Cofactor
- Malonyl-CoA
- Fatty Acids
- Triglycerides
- Glycerol
- DHAP
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- HMG-CoA
- HMG-CoA Reductase
- Mevalonate
- Cholesterol
- Ketogenesis
- Acetoacetate
- Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
4 mins
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Characteristics
- Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate
- Citric Acid
- Isocitric Acid
- Produces NADH
- Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
- Produces NADH
- Succinyl CoA
- Produces GTP
- Succinate
- Produces FADH2
- Fumarate
- Uses Water
- Malate
- Produces NADH
- Oxaloacetate
4 mins
Urea Cycle
- Mitochondria
- N-Acetylglutamate
- Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
- NH3 + CO2
- Carbamoyl Phosphate
- Ornithine Transcarbamylase
- Citrulline
- Cytosol
- Aspartate
- Argininosuccinate
- Fumarate
- Arginine
- H2O to Urea
- Ornithine
3 mins
G6PD Mechanism
- Turns NADP+ to NADPH
- NADPH Used by Glutathione Reductase
- Detoxifies Free Radicals and Peroxides
- X-linked Recessive
2 mins
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)
- Oxidative Phase (Irreversible)
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Ribulose-5-Phosphate
- Generates NADPH
- Reduces Glutathione
- Prevents Oxidative Damage
- Non-Oxidative Phase (Reversible)
- Ribulose-5-Phosphate to Ribose-5-Phosphate
- Nucleotide Synthesis
2 mins
Galactose Metabolism
- Galactose Breakdown
- Lactase
- Converts Lactose to Galactose
- Galactokinase
- Converts Galactose to Galactose-1-Phosphate
- Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase (GALT)
- Converts Galactose-1-Phosphate to Glucose-1-Phosphate + UDP-Galactose
- Glucose-1-Phosphate Enters Glycolysis
- Galactose Synthesis
- Produced from Glycerol in Lactating Breast Tissue
3 mins
Glycogen Metabolism
- Glycogenesis
- Glucose to UDP-Glucose
- Chain Elongation
- UDP-Glucose to Glycogen
- Glycogenin
- Glycogen Synthase
- Branching Enzyme
- Glycogenolysis
- Glycogen to Glucose
- Glycogen Phosphorylase + Vitamin B6 Cofactor
- Limit Dextrin
- Debranching Enzyme
4 mins
Cholesterol Synthesis
- Pathway
- Acetyl-CoA
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- Cytosolic HMG-CoA Synthase
- HMG-CoA
- HMG-CoA Reductase
- Mevalonate
- Cholesterol
2 mins
Lipogenesis
- Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Acetyl-CoA
- Citrate Shuttle to Cytoplasm
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
- Biotin Cofactor
- Malonyl-CoA
- Fatty Acid Synthase
- Triglyceride Synthesis
- Glycerol
- Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase
- Triglycerides
2 mins
Lipolysis
- Triglyceride Breakdown
- Triglycerides
- Hormone Sensitive Lipase
- Glycerol
- Fatty Acids
- Fatty Acid Transport
- Long-chain Fatty Acids
- Carnitine Shuttle
- Medium-chain and Short-chain Fatty Acids Diffuse Freely
- Fatty Acid Breakdown
- Beta Oxidation
- Acetyl-CoA if Even Number of Carbon Atoms
- Propionyl-CoA if Odd Number of Carbon Atoms
- Propionyl-CoA Carboxylase
- Biotin Cofactor
- Methylmalonyl-CoA
- Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase
- Vitamin B12 Cofactor
- Succinyl-CoA
5 mins
Ketogenesis and Ketogenolysis
- Ketogenesis
- 2 Acetyl-CoA
- Thiolase
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- Mitochondrial HMG-CoA Synthase
- HMG-CoA
- HMG-CoA Lyase
- Ketone Bodies
- Acetoacetate
- Beta Hydroxybutyrate
- Acetone
- Ketogenolysis
- Succinyl-CoA and Acetoacetate
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- Thiolase
- 2 Acetyl-CoA
4 mins
Fed State Metabolism
- Increased Insulin
- Decreased cAMP
- Decreased Protein Kinase A
- Decreased Fructose Bisphosphatase-2
- Increased Phosphofructokinase-2
- Increased Glycolysis
- Decreased Gluconeogenesis
1 min
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