Renal Corpuscle
- Arterioles
- Glomerulus
- Capillaries
- Fenestrations
- Plasma Solutes and Other Small Molecules Become Ultrafiltrate
- Bowman's Capsule Encapsulates Glomerulus
Proximal Tubule
- Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
- Water Follows Na+
- Most Of Glucose Reabsorbed
- Most Of Amino Acids Reabsorbed
- Bicarbonate Exchanged For H+
- Drugs and Toxins Excreted
- Filtrate Osmolarity Same As Plasma
- Leads To Loop Of Henle
Loop of Henle
- Descending Limb
- Water Follows Na+
- Medullary Hypertonicity
- Increased Water Reabsorption
- Vasa Recta
- Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
- Ascending Limb
- Reabsorbs Na+, K+, Cl-
- Decreased Concentration of Filtrate
- Impermeable to Water
- Distal Tubule
Distal Tubule
- Hormonally Regulated
- Aldosterone Causes Na+ Reabsorption
- Na+ Reabsorbed Via Active Transport
- Water follows Na+
- Parathyroid Hormone Causes Ca2+ Reabsorption
- Leads to Collecting Duct
Collecting Duct
- Na+ Reabsorption
- Vasopressin Causes Water reabsorption
- Concentrates Filtrate
High Blood Pressure Response
- Atria Release Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Vasodilation
- Antagonizes Aldosterone
- Na+ and Water Excreted
Low Blood Pressure Response
- Posterior Pituitary Releases Vasopressin
- Vasoconstriction
- Adrenal Cortex Releases Aldosterone
- Increased Na+ and H2O Reabsorption
Blood Acid-Base Control
- In a State of Acidemia
- Medullary Chemoreceptors Control Ventilation Rate
- Expulsion of CO2 through Lungs Increases pH
- Bicarbonate Reabsorption from the Kidney Increases pH
- Kidney Excretion of H+ Increases pH
Ejaculation Pathway
- SEVEn UP
- Seminiferous Tubules
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Ejaculatory Ducts
- Urethra
- Penis
Renal Clearance
- Estimates Volume of Substance Cleared by Kidney Per Unit Time
- Creatinine Clearance Used to Estimate GFR
- Cx = (Ux/Px) * V
- Urine Concentration of Substance X (Ux)
- Plasma Concentration of Substance X (Px)
- Urine Flow Rate (V)
Filtration
- Glomerulus
- Creatinine Clearance
- Filtration Fraction
- Fractional Excretion
- Glomerular Filtration Rate
- Prostaglandins
- Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)
- Tubuloglomerular Feedback
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
Angiotensin II Synthesis
- Juxtaglomerular Cells
- Mesangial Cells
- Macula Densa
- Distal Tubule
- Angiotensinogen
- Secreted from Liver
- Renin
- Secreted from Juxtaglomerular Cells
- Catalyzes Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
- Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)
- Pulmonary Capillaries
- Catalyzes Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II Effects
- Increases Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction
- Increases Blood Pressure
- Efferent Arteriole Vasoconstriction
- Increases GFR
- Proximal Tubule
- Sodium and Water Reabsorption
- Adrenal Cortex
- Increases Aldosterone Secretion
- Stimulates Posterior Pituitary Gland to Secrete Vasopressin (ADH)
- Stimulates Thirst in Hypothalamus
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) Regulators
- Hypotension
- Hypovolemia
- Decreased NaCl Delivery to Macula Densa
- Sympathetic Stimuli
- Angiotensin II
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Brain Natriuretic Peptide