Vitamin A (Retinol) Function and Deficiency
- Retinol
- Constituent of Visual Pigments
- Differentiation of Epithelial Cells into Specialized Tissue
- Night Blindness
- Dry Skin
- Used to Treat Measles
- Antioxidant
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
- Vitamin D2
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Rickets
- Hypophosphatemia
- Fatigue
- Constipation
- Hypercalcemia
- Kidney Stones
Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol)
- Antioxidant
- Fat Malabsorption Syndrome
- Alpha-TTP Deficiency
- Bleeding
- Increased Risk Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Limit Doses < 200 IU per Day
- Nuts and Whole Grains
- Vegetable Oils
Vitamin K
- Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
- Synthesized by Intestinal Flora
- Activated by Epoxide Reductase
- Gamma Carboxylation of Glutamate
- Activation of Clotting Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S
- Deficiency with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
- Neonatal Hemorrhage with Increased PT and aPTT
- Warfarin is a Vitamin K Antagonist
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Branched-chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
- Transketolase
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Beriberi
- ATP Depletion
- Aerobic Tissues Like Brain and Heart Affected First
- Deficiency Can Worsen with Glucose Infusion
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
- Vitamin B2
- FAD
- FAD Makes 1.5 ATP
- Succinate to Fumarate
- Glossitis
- Cheilosis
- Corneal Vascularization
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
- Derived from Tryptophan
- Synthesis Requires Vitamin B6
- Constituent of NAD+
- Hartnup Disease
- Carcinoid Syndrome
- Pellagra
- Diarrhea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
- Glossitis
- Flushing
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenate)
- Pantothenate
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Coenzyme A
- Fatty Acid Synthase
- Enteritis
- Dermatitis
- Alopecia
- Adrenal Insufficiency
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Pyridoxal Phosphate
- Transamination
- Decarboxylation
- Glycogen Phosphorylase
- Cystathionine Synthase
- Heme Synthesis
- Niacin Synthesis
- Neurotransmitter Synthesis
Biotin (Vitamin B7)
- Carboxylation Reaction
- Pyruvate Carboxylation to Oxaloacetate
- Propionyl-CoA Carboxylation to Methylmalonyl-CoA
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylation to Malonyl CoA
- Antibiotic Use
- Ingestion of Raw Eggs
- Alopecia
- Dermatitis
- Enteritis
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency
- Cobalamin
- Large reserve pool in the liver
- Homocysteine to methionine
- Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
- Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
- Hypersegmented Neutrophils
- Neurologic defects
- Posterior column
- Lateral corticospinal tract
- Spinocerebellar tract
Vitamin C Mechanism and Deficiency
- Ascorbic acid
- Antioxidant
- Protects Against Free Radicals
- Keeps Iron in Reduced State
- Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine
- Necessary for Dopamine B Hydroxylase
- Scurvy
- Swollen Gums
- Bruising
- Poor Wound Healing
- Hemarthrosis
- Perifollicular Hemorrhages
- Anemia