Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis
- Acetyl-CoA
- Biotin Cofactor
- Malonyl-CoA
- Fatty Acids
- Triglycerides
- Glycerol
- DHAP
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- HMG-CoA
- HMG-CoA Reductase
- Mevalonate
- Cholesterol
- Acetoacetate
- Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
Hypercholesterolemia Disease
- Diabetes
- Smoking
- Family History
- Hypertension
- HDL < 40
- Men Older than 45 Years of Age
- Women Older than 55 Years of Age
- Atheromas
- Plaques in Blood Vessel Walls
- Tissue Ischemia
- Xanthomas
- Lipemia Retinalis
Hypercholesterolemia Treatment
- Lifestyle Modifications (Diet, Exercise, Smoking Cessation)
- Statins
- Niacin
- Ezetimibe
- Fibrates
- Bile Acid Resins
- PCSK9 Inhibitors
- Omega 3 Fatty Acids
- Pooled Cohort Test
Statins
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Hepatotoxicity
- HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
- Decrease LDL
- Decrease Triglycerides
- Increase HDL
Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
- -statin Suffix
- HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
- High Cholesterol
- Hepatotoxicity
- Rash
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Myopathy
- Monitor Liver Enzymes
- Administer at Bedtime
- Avoid Grapefruit
Bile Acid Resins
- Hyperlipidemia
- Bile Acid Reabsorption Prevented
- Slight Increase HDL/Triglycerides
- Decrease LDL
- Colestipol (Colestid)
- Cholestyramine
- Colesevelam
- Cholesterol Gallstones
- Decreased Absorption of Fat-soluble Vitamins
- Patients Hate It
Ezetimibe
- Hyperlipidemia
- Cholesterol Absorption Blocker
- Decreases LDL
- Diarrhea
- Increased LFT Values
Fibrates
- Hyperlipidemia
- Upregulate LPL
- Decreases Triglycerides
- Slight Increase in HDL
- Slight Decrease in LDL
- Hepatotoxicity
- Cholesterol Gallstones
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
- Derived from Tryptophan
- Synthesis Requires Vitamin B6
- Constituent of NAD+
- Hartnup Disease
- Carcinoid Syndrome
- Pellagra
- Diarrhea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
- Glossitis
- Flushing
Niacin Therapy (Vitamin B3)
- Inhibits Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue
- Reduces Hepatic VLDL Secretion
- Decrease Triglycerides
- Decrease LDL
- Increase HDL
- Flushing
- Decreased by Aspirin
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperuricemia
Digoxin Mechanism and Indication
- Direct inhibition of Na K ATPase
- Indirect inhibition of Na Ca exchanger
- Increase Ca in cell
- Positive Inotropy
- CHF
- Stimulates Vagus Nerve
- Decreased conduction at AV node
- Atrial Fibrillation
Digoxin Toxicity Treatment
- Activated Charcoal
- Slowly Normalize K+
- Digibind (Anti-Digoxin Fab)
- Magnesium Sulfate
- Lidocaine
- Cardiac Pacing
PCSK9-Inhibitors
- Evolocumab
- Alirocumab
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Bind the PCSK9 Enzyme
- Decreased Degradation of LDL-receptors
- Increased LDL Receptors on Hepatocytes
- Reduction of LDL in Plasma
- Second-line Therapy for Hypercholesterolemia
- Subcutaneous Injection
- Skin Reaction at the Injection Site
- Myalgia
- Neurocognitive Impairment