Benzodiazepines Overview
- First Line for Status Epilepticus
- Anesthesia Induction
- Anxiety
- Eclampsia
- Detoxification
- '-zepam' and '-zolam" Suffix
- Increase Frequency of Cl- Channel Opening
- Decrease REM Sleep
- CNS Depression
- Dependence
- Flumazenil for Overdose
Carbamazepine
- First-line Seizure Medication
- First Line for Trigeminal Neuralgia
- Stabilizes Inactive State of Na+ Channels
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
- Induce Cytochrome P450
- Teratogen
- Hepatotoxicity
- Blood Dyscrasias
Ethosuximide
- First Line Absence Seizure Treatment
- Blocks Thalamic T-Type Ca2+ Channels
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
- Fatigue
- Diarrhea
Gabapentin
- Seizure Treatment
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Postherpetic Neuralgia
- Bipolar Disorder
- Migraine Prophylaxis
- Inhibits Voltage-Gated Ca2+ channels
- Designed as a GABA Analog
- Ataxia
- Sedation
Lamotrigine
- Seizure Treatment
- Bipolar Disorder
- Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Levetiracetam
- SV2A Receptor Antagonist
- Modulates GABA and Glutamate
- Inhibits Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels
- Partial (Focal) Seizures
- Tonic-Clonic Seizures
- Myoclonic Seizures
- Psychiatric Symptoms
- Lethargy
- Headache
- Chronic Kidney Disease
Phenobarbital (Barbiturates)
- Barbiturate
- Seizures
- Ataxia
- Paradoxical Excitement
- Fatigue/Drowsiness
- Monitor Plasma Levels
- High Potential for Abuse
Phenytoin
- Status Epilepticus
- Tonic-Clonic Seizures
- Blocks Na+ Channel Activation
- Inhibition of Glutamate Release
- Class IB Antiarrhythmic
- Teratogenic
- Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
- Induce Cytochrome P450
- Drug-induced Lupus
- Neuropathy
- Hirsutism
- Gingival Hyperplasia
Topiramate
- Seizure Treatment
- Migraine Prophylaxis
- Increase GABA Action
- Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
- Kidney Stones
- Weight Loss
- Sedation
Valproic Acid
- First Line Tonic-Clonic Seizure Treatment
- Bipolar Disorder
- Migraine Prophylaxis
- Increases GABA Concentration
- Blocks Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
- GI Distress
- Contraindicated in Pregnancy
Valproic Acid (Valproate) Side Effects
- Vomiting
- Alopecia
- Liver Toxicity
- Pancreatitis/Pancytopenia
- Retain Fat (Weight Gain)
- Oedema (Edema)
- Appetite Increase
- Tremor
- Enzyme Inhibitor (P450)
Vigabatrin and Tiagabine
- Increases GABA Concentration
- Inhibits GABA Degradation (Vigabatrin)
- Inhibits GABA Reuptake (Tiagabine)
- Infantile Spasms
- Partial (Focal) Seizure
- Permanent Visual Loss (Vigabatrin)
P450 Inducer
- Griseofulvin
- Phenytoin
- Carbamazepine
- Rifampin
- Barbiturates
- Chronic Alcohol Use
- St. John's Wort
Long-acting Benzodiazepines
- Lorazepam
- Diazepam
- Clonazepam
- Chlordiazepoxide
- Insomnia
- Anxiety
- Seizures
- Eclampsia
- Alcohol Withdrawal
- Half-life > 24 Hours
- Dependence