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Medicine (MD/DO)
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First Aid
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First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2023)
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First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2023) | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid

Page 223 -
13 Picmonics to Learn | 32 mins
Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma
Characteristics
Aggressively Malignant
Strong Correlation with Smoking
Central Location
Amplification of Myc Oncogenes
Signs and Symptoms
Narrowing of Bronchial Airways
Cushing's Syndrome
Ectopic ACTH
Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Diagnosis
Kulchitsky Cells
Neuron-Specific Enolase Positive
Chromogranin A Positive
Treatment
Chemotherapy and Radiation
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3 mins
Carcinoid Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Neuroendocrine Cells
Serotonin
Appendix
Diagnosis
Chromogranin A
Neuron Specific Enolase
Dense Core Bodies on EM
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms When Metastasize to Liver
Flushing
Wheezing
Right Heart Murmur
Diarrhea
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4 mins
Neuroblastoma Characteristics and Presentation
Characteristics
Malignant Neuroendocrine Tumor
Neural Crest Cells Origin
Sympathetic Ganglia
Adrenal Glands
Amplification of N-myc Oncogene
Most Common Cancer In Infancy
Clinical Presentation
Abdominal Mass That Can Cross Midline
Gastrointestinal Distress
Metastasis
Raccoon Eyes
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
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4 mins
Neuroblastoma Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosis
24-hour Urine Test
Increased Catecholamines
Increased Homovanillic and Vanillylmandelic Acid
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Biopsy
Pathology
Small Round Blue Cells
Homer-Wright Rosettes
Bombesin Positive
Neuron Specific Enolase Positive
Interventions
Local Excision
Chemotherapy
Radiation
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3 mins
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Occurs Most Commonly in Kids
Posterior Fossa
Cerebellum
Well Circumscribed
GFAP
Rosenthal Fibers
Eosinophilic Corkscrew Fibers
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1 min
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Most Common Malignant Primary Brain Tumor
Grade 4 Astrocytoma
Can Cross Corpus Callosum
Butterfly Glioma
Pseudo-palisading Tumor Cells
Areas of Necrosis and Hemorrhage
Stain Astrocytes for Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)
Grave Prognosis
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2 mins
Prostate Cancer Assessment
Most Common Cancer in Men
Assessment
Mimics BPH
Metastasis to Back
Low Back Pain
Fatigue
Considerations
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)
Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)
Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)
Biopsy
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2 mins
Melanoma Mechanism and Characteristics
Mechanism
Associated with Sunlight Exposure
Mutation in B-RAF kinase
Large Number of Moles
Fair-Skinned People at Higher Risk
Growth Phases
Radial Growth Phase
No Metastasis
Vertical Growth Phase
Depth of Tumor Correlates with Risk of Metastasis
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1 min
Schwannoma
Characteristics
Acoustic Schwannoma
Cranial Nerve VIII
Cerebellopontine Angle
S100 Positive
Bilateral Schwannoma in Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Tinnitus
Cranial Nerve V
Affects Corneal Reflex
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2 mins
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Characteristics
Antigen Presentation Defect
Lytic Bone Lesions
Skull
Presentation
Hypopituitarism
Diabetes Insipidus
Skin Rash
Recurrent Otitis Media
Diagnosis
Birbeck Granules
"Tennis Racket" Appearance
S100 Positive
Management
Observation
Prednisone +/- Vinblastine
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4 mins
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Mature B Cell Tumor
Signs and Symptoms
Splenomegaly
Diagnosis
Flow Cytometry
Cells Have Filamentous Hair-Like Projections
Stains TRAP Positive
Dry Tap on Bone Marrow Aspiration
Treatment
Cladribine
Pentostatin
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2 mins
Renal Cell Carcinoma Characteristics
Pathophysiology
Chromosome 3
VHL Gene
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Risk Factors
Smoking
Nephrolithiasis
Chronic Analgesic Use
Subtypes
Clear Cell
Papillary
Chromophobic
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2 mins
Meningioma
Epidemiology
Most Common Adult Primary Brain Tumor
pathology
Benign
Originate from Arachnoid Villi
Dural Attachment
Parasagittal
Clinical Manifestations
Contralateral Leg Weakness
Seizures
Diagnosis
Psammoma Bodies
Calcifications
Increased Bone Density
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3 mins

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