Nephrolithiasis Stone Types (Part 1/2)
- Calcium Oxalate
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Ethylene Glycol
- Vitamin C
- "Dumbbell", Bipyramidal, or Octahedral-shaped
- Radiopaque
- Uric Acid
- Gout
- Tumor Lysis Syndrome
- Rhomboidal, Rosette, or Needle-shaped
- Radiolucent
- Decreased Urine pH
Nephrolithiasis Stone Types (Part 2/2)
- Struvite (Ammonium Magnesium Phosphate)
- Urinary Tract Infections
- "Coffin Lid" Appearance
- Radiopaque
- Increased Urine pH
- Calcium Phosphate
- Hypercalcemia
- Wedge-shaped Prisms
- Radiopaque
- Increased Urine pH
Nephrolithiasis Diagnosis and Management
- Urinalysis with Culture
- Noncontrast CT
- Ultrasound
- < 10 mm
- Supportive Care
- 10-20 mm
- Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
- Ureteroscopy
- > 20 mm
- Surgery
Cystinuria
- Defect of Renal Tubular Amino Acid Transporter
- C-O-L-A Acronym
- Cystine
- Ornithine
- Lysine
- Arginine
- Excess Cystine in Urine
- Hexagonal Crystals
- Staghorn Kidney Stones
- Cyanide Nitroprusside Test
- Acetazolamide to Alkalinize the Urine