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Medicine (MD/DO)
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First Aid
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First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2023)
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First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2023) | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid

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8 Picmonics to Learn | 15 mins
Right to Left Heart Shunts
The 5 Ts
Truncus Arteriosus
Transposition of the Great Vessels
Tricuspid Atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Associations
Cyanosis at Birth
May Require PDA
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1 min
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Common Arterial Trunk
Single Trunk Emerges from Both Ventricles
Symptoms
Cyanosis
Pulmonary Congestion
Heart Failure
Single S2 Sound
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Chest X-ray
Treatment
Early Surgical Correction
Avoids Pulmonary Hypertension
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2 mins
Transposition of Great Vessels
Pathophysiology
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation are in Parallel
Incompatible with Life Without a Shunt
Symptoms
Severe Cyanosis at Birth
Single S2 sound
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Chest X-ray shows "Egg-shaped Silhouette"
Treatment
Prostaglandin
Avoid NSAIDs
Surgical Correction
Balloon Atrial Septostomy
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2 mins
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Features
Blue Baby Syndrome
Mechanism
PROVe Acronym
Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Overriding Aorta
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Diagnosis and Treatment
Boot-Shaped Heart
Squatting for Tet Spells
Surgery
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2 mins
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Pathophysiology
Pulmonary Veins Do Not Connect to Left Atrium
Oxygenated Blood Return to Right Atrium
Incompatible with Life without a Shunt
With Obstruction
Vessel Enters at an Acute Angle
Severe Cyanosis
Pulmonary Edema
Without Obstruction
Delayed Manifestation (1 or 2 years)
Right Heart Failure
Chest X-ray Shows "Snowman"
Diagnosis
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Surgical Correction
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3 mins
Lithium
Indications
Bipolar Disorder
Mechanism of Action
Mood Stabilizer
Unknown Mechanism
Side Effects
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Hypothyroidism
Movement (Tremor)
Heart Block
Contraindication
Pregnancy (Ebstein's Anomaly)
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1 min
Ebstein's Anomaly
Pathophysiology
Displacement of Tricuspid Valve Leaflets
Etiology
"Atrialization" of the Right Ventricle
Lithium Exposure In Utero
Signs and Symptoms
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Right-Sided Heart Failure
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1 min
Tricuspid Atresia
Pathophysiology
Absent Tricuspid Valve
Incompatible with Life Without a Shunt
Symptoms
Cyanosis at Birth
Single S2 Sound
Diagnosis
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Echocardiogram
Treatment
Prostaglandin
Avoid NSAIDs
Surgical Correction
picmonic thumbnail
2 mins

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