Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Medulla Oblongata
- Cerebellum
- Pons
- Spinal Cord
- Dorsal Root Ganglia
- Grey Matter
- White Matter
Posterior Column (Dorsal Column)
- Ascending Pathway (Sensory)
- Proprioception
- Fine Touch
- Pressure
- Vibration Sensation
- Dorsal Root
- Fasciculus Cuneatus
- Arms
- Fasciculus Gracilis
- Lower Limbs
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Tabes Dorsalis
Spinothalamic Tracts
- Ascending Pathway (Sensory)
- Lateral
- Temperature
- Pain
- Anterior
- Crude Touch
- Pressure
- Decussates at Anterior White Commisure
- Contralateral Anesthesia
Poliomyelitis
- Poliovirus
- Picornavirus
- Fecal-Oral Transmission
- Destruction of Anterior Horn
- Flaccid Paralysis
- Hyporeflexia
- Fasciculations
- Elevated CSF Lymphocytes and Proteins
- Normal CSF Glucose
- Viral Culture or PCR
- Supportive Care
- Vaccination
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Progressive Muscle Weakness
- Systemic Muscle Wasting
- Fasciculations
- Spasticity
- Fatigue
- Riluzole (Rilutek)
- Stretching
- Little to No Cognitive Decline
- Respiratory Support
- Palliative Care
Syphilis
- Treponema pallidum
- Spirochete with characteristic motility
- Painless chancre
- Condylomata lata
- Generalized lymphadenopathy
- Rash on palms and soles
- Aortitis
- Gummas
- Neurosyphilis
- Argyll Robertson pupils
- Vasa vasorum
- Tabes dorsalis
- Penicillin
- Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Syringomyelia
- Cystic Cavity in Central Canal
- Chiari Malformations
- Trauma
- Cape-like Symptoms
- Loss of Pain Sensation
- Loss of Temperature
- Muscle Weakness
- Horner Syndrome
- MRI
- Supportive Care
- Surgery
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency
- Cobalamin
- Large reserve pool in the liver
- Homocysteine to methionine
- Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
- Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
- Hypersegmented Neutrophils
- Neurologic defects
- Posterior column
- Lateral corticospinal tract
- Spinocerebellar tract
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Causes
- Vegans
- Pernicious Anemia
- Gastric Bypass Surgery
- Malabsorption
- Sprue
- Enteritis
- Crohn's Disease
- Diphyllobothrium latum
Cauda Equina Syndrome
- Acute Loss of Lumbar Plexus Function
- Surgical Emergency
- Saddle Anesthesia
- Inflammatory Disorders
- Spinal Stenosis
- Trauma
- Lesions
- Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
- Sciatica
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Clinical
CN VII
- Facial Nerve
- Lacrimation
- Salivation
- Sensory
- Taste from Anterior 2/3 of Tongue
- Motor
- Facial Movement
- Stapedius Muscle
- Eyelid Closing
Facial Nerve Lesions
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Sarcoidosis
- Tumors
- Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
- Bell's palsy
- Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
- Lyme Disease
- Corticosteroids
- Acyclovir
Somatic Reflex Arc
- Spinal Cord
- Sensory (Afferent) Neuron
- Interneurons Transmit
- Motor (Efferent) Neuron
- Effector Targets
Motor Neuron Signs UMN and LMN
- Increased DTRs
- Positive Babinski
- Spastic Paralysis
- Clasp-Knife Reaction
- Decreased DTRs
- Negative Babinski
- Flaccid Paralysis
- Muscle Atrophy
- Fasciculations
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
- CN V (Trigeminal Nerve)
- Stabbing Unilateral Facial Pain
- Trigger Zones
- Psychological Disturbances
- Bizarre Facial Movements
- More Common in Women
- Classical
- Secondary
- Idiopathic
- Diagnosis by Clinical Impression
- MRI
- Carbamazepine
- Surgery As Last Resort
Lumbar Puncture
- CSF Sample
- CSF Pressure
- Empty Bladder
- Side-lying Position
- Between 3rd and 4th Lumbar Vertebrae
- Number Tubes
- Supine Position After Procedure
- Increased ICP (Intracranial Pressure)
- Infection at Puncture Site