Ace Your Pathoma: Fundamentals of Pathology (2018) Classes and Exams with Picmonic: #1 Visual Mnemonic Study Tool for Medicine (MD/DO) Students

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Pathoma: Fundamentals of Pathology (2018) | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid

Hirschsprung Disease

Failure of Neural Crest Cell Migration

Involves Rectum

Lack of Auerbach and Meissner Plexus

Chronic Constipation

Failure to Pass Meconium

Congenital Megacolon

Increased Risk with Down Syndrome

RET Mutations

2 mins

Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis Assessment

Outpouching

Inflamed Diverticula

Abdominal Pain

Abdominal Distention

Flatulence

Fever

Rectal Bleeding

Alternating Constipation and Diarrhea

Peritonitis

2 mins

Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis Interventions

High Fiber Diet

Reduce Intra-abdominal Pressure

Stool Softeners

Exercise

Anticholinergics

Antibiotics

Bowel Resection

2 mins

Mesenteric Ischemia

Severe Abdominal Pain

Bloody Diarrhea

Metabolic Acidosis

Increased WBC

Increased Lactate (Lactic Acid)

X-ray

Air Within Bowel Wall

CT Angiography

Bowel Wall Edema

Antibiotics

Emergent Surgical Intervention

2 mins

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Assessment

Abdominal Pain

Relieved by Defecation

Alternating Diarrhea and Constipation

Fatigue

Excessive Flatulence

Sensation of Incomplete Evacuation

Stressors

Food Intolerances

More Common in Women

Rule Out Other Disorders

2 mins

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Interventions

Identify Triggers

Increase Fiber Intake

Probiotics

Anticholinergics

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

Loperamide

Linaclotide

Tegaserod (Zelnorm)

Lubiprostone (Amitiza)

Alosetron (Lotronex)

2 mins

Turcot Syndrome

Autosomal Dominant or Autosomal Recessive

Colonic Polyposis + CNS Tumor

Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer

Increased Risk of Brain Cancer

Lynch Syndrome

Glioblastoma Multiforme

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

Medulloblastoma

2 mins

Gardner Syndrome

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) + Extraintestinal Benign Tumors

Autosomal Dominant

APC Gene Mutation

Desmoid Tumors

Nasal Angiofibromas

Osteomas

Congenital Hypertrophy of Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Dental Abnormalities

Cutaneous Lesions

Adrenal Adenomas

Thyroid Cancer

Duodenal / Periampullary Cancer

Pancreatic Cancer

Hepatoblastoma

2 mins

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

Symptomatic Age: 10-30 Years

LKB1/STK11 Gene Mutation

Autosomal Dominant

Benign GI Hamartomatous Polyps

Mucocutaneous Hyperpigmentation

Positive Family History

Increased Risk of Colorectal Carcinoma

1 min

Colorectal Cancer Assessment

3rd Most Common Cancer

Change in Bowel Habits

Bowel Obstruction

Rectal Bleeding

Anemia

Weight Loss

Ascites

Colonoscopy

FOBT and FIT

2 mins

Colorectal Cancer Interventions

Surgical Colon Resection

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Bowel Cleansing

Screening

Colostomy

Dietary Consult

Body Image

3 mins

Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer)

Autosomal Dominant

Defective DNA Mismatch Repair

80% Risk of Colon Cancer Development

Proximal (Right) Colon

Type II associated with Endometrial, Ovarian and Skin Cancers

3 Relatives with Colon Cancer

Occurs Across 2 Generations

1 Relative Diagnosed < 50 Years Old

Frequent Screening

Colectomy

3 mins

Volvulus Characteristics and Presentation

Bowel Torsion

Bowel Infarction

Sigmoid Colon and Cecum

Small Bowel Obstruction

Abdominal Pain

Unstable Vital Signs

Peritonitis

2 mins

Volvulus Diagnosis and Management

Abdominal X-ray

Coffee Bean Sign

Kidney Bean Sign

Abdominal CT Scan

Whirl Sign

Barium Enema

Bird's Beak Sign

Fluid Resuscitation

Surgery

Consider Antibiotics

3 mins

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Autosomal Dominant

Mutation in Chromosome 5

APC Gene Mutation

Overexpression of Beta-catenin

Two-Hit Hypothesis

Change in Bowel Habits

Colonic Polyps

Colonoscopy

Prophylactic Surgery

Progresses to Colorectal Carcinoma

3 mins

Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome

Autosomal Dominant

Children < 5 Years Old

Hamartomatous Polyps in Gastrointestinal Tract

GI Distress

Anemia

Increased Risk of Colorectal Carcinoma

2 mins

Non-neoplastic Colonic Polyps

Benign

Hyperplastic Polyps

Rectosigmoid

Hamartomatous Polyps

Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome

Inflammatory Pseudopolyps

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Mucosal Polyps

Submucosal Polyps

2 mins

Neoplastic Colonic Polyps

Malignant

Adenomatous Polyps

APC and KRAS Mutation

Villous Type is more Malignant

Serrated Polyps

BRAF Mutation

Saw-Tooth Pattern

2 mins

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