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Pathology | Nurse Practitioner (NP) School Study Aid
Osteoarthritis
- Mechanism
- Articular Cartilage Destruction
- Biomechanical Stress
- Aging
- Signs and Symptoms
- Asymmetric
- Pain Decreases with Rest
- Morning Stiffness Under 30 Minutes
- Crepitus
- DIP and PIP Joints
- Treatment
- Lifestyle Changes
- Acetaminophen or NSAIDs
2 mins
Rheumatoid Arthritis Assessment
- Mechanism
- Destruction of Connective Tissue and Synovial Membrane
- Signs and Symptoms
- Inflammation of Joints
- Morning Stiffness
- Nodules
- Joint Deformities
1 min
Rheumatoid Arthritis Interventions
- Lifestyle Modifications
- Heat and Cold Applications
- Therapeutic Exercise
- Balance Rest and Activity
- Drug Therapy
- NSAIDs
- DMARDs
- Glucocorticoids
- Considerations
- PT/OT
- Reconstructive Joint Surgery
2 mins
Osteoporosis Assessment
- Highest Risk
- Postmenopausal Women
- Long Term Corticosteroids
- Assessment
- Kyphosis
- Dowager's Hump
- Loss of Height
- Back Pain
- Pathologic Fractures
- Spinal Compression Fracture
1 min
Osteoporosis Interventions
- Increased Calcium Intake
- Vitamin D Supplements
- Bisphosphonates
- Raloxifene
- Denosumab
- Calcitonin
- Teriparatide
- Bone Densitometry (DEXA) Scan
- Weight Bearing Exercises
2 mins
Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease)
- Pathophysiology
- Defective Osteoclast Resorption
- Carbonic Anhydrase II Mutation
- Lack of Acidic Environment
- Symptoms
- Fractures
- Nerve Palsies
- Diagnosis
- Myelophthisic Anemia
- Erlenmeyer Flask Bones
- Normal ALP and PTH
- Normal Calcium and Phosphorus
- Bone-in-bone Appearance
- Treatment
- Bone Marrow Transplant
2 mins
Osteomyelitis
- Cause/Mechanism
- Bone Infection
- Assessment
- Warmth
- Edema
- Constant Bone Pain
- Fever
- Interventions
- IV Antibiotics
- Implanted Beads
- Hyperbaric Oxygen
- Surgical Removal of Ischemic Tissue
- Considerations
- Elevated ESR
3 mins
Scoliosis
- Assessment
- S Shaped Lateral Spinal Rotation
- Unequal Shoulder and Scapula Height
- Uneven Gait
- Impaired Oxygenation
- Hump when Bending Forward
- Interventions
- Body Braces
- Worn 23 Hours/Day
- Surgery
- Considerations
- Adolescent Screening
3 mins
Muscular Dystrophy
- Mechanism
- X-linked Recessive
- Signs and Symptoms
- Muscle Weakness
- Motor Problems
- Gower Sign
- Large Calves
- Waddling Gait
- Loss of Ambulation
- Consideration
- Cardiac and Respiratory Failure
2 mins
Achondroplasia
- Mechanism
- Autosomal Dominant
- Advanced Paternal Age
- Most Common Cause of Dwarfism
- Mutation of FGFR3 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3)
- Defective Endochondral Ossification
- Symptoms
- Delayed Motor Milestones
- Shortened Limbs with Normal Axial Skeleton Size
- May Develop Hydrocephalus
- Symptoms of Spinal Stenosis
- Normal Life Span and Fertility
2 mins
Paget's Disease of Bone
- Pathophysiology
- Men > Age 40
- Increased Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity
- Mosaic Pattern
- Signs and Symptoms
- Increased Skull Diameter
- Hearing Loss
- Fractures
- Bone Ache and Joint Pain
- High Output Heart Failure
- Diagnosis
- Bone Scan
- Normal Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcium
- Elevated ALP
- Treatment
- Bisphosphonate
- Calcitonin
2 mins
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Decreased Type I Collagen Production
- Symptoms
- Phenotypically Diverse
- Brittle Bone Disease
- Fractures from Minimal Trauma
- Confused with Child Abuse
- Hearing Loss
- Dental Imperfections
- Blue Sclera
1 min
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Faulty Collagen Synthesis
- Autosomal Dominant or Recessive
- Various Severities
- Signs and Symptoms
- Hypermobile Joints
- Hyperextensible Skin
- Easy Bruising/Bleeding
- Berry (Saccular) Aneurysm
- Considerations
- Brighton Criteria
2 mins
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Types
- Types
- Types 1 and 2 - Classical
- Type V Collagen Mutation
- Joints and Skin
- Type 3 - Hypermobility
- Most Common
- Tenascin X Deficiency
- Joint Instability
- Type 4 - Vascular
- Type III Collagen Mutation
- Vascular and Organ Rupture
2 mins
Osteosarcoma
- Pathophysiology
- Osteogenic Sarcoma
- Peak incidence men 10-20 years old
- Metaphysis of Long Bones
- Knee Region
- Radiation
- Familial Retinoblastoma
- Paget's Disease
- Diagnosis
- Codman Triangle
- Sunburst Pattern from Elevated Periosteum
- Grave Prognosis
2 mins
Giant Cell Tumor
- Pathophysiology
- Osteoclastoma
- Epiphyseal End of Long Bones
- Peak Incidence 20-40 Years
- Benign
- Knee Region
- Diagnosis
- Soap Bubble Appearance on X-ray
- Spindle-shaped Cells
- Multinucleated Giant Cells
46 secs
Ewing's Sarcoma
- Epidemiology
- Most Common in Boys < 15 years old
- Pathophysiology
- 11;22 Translocation
- Characteristics
- Long bones, Pelvis, Ribs
- Diaphysis
- Small Blue Cells
- Malignant
- Aggressive
- Onion-skin Appearance
- TREATMENT
- Responsive to Chemotherapy
2 mins
Chondrosarcoma
- Pathophysiology
- Cartilaginous tumor
- Malignant
- Men 30-60 years old
- Pelvic and femur bones
- Signs & Symptoms
- Glistening mass in medullary cavity
- Can be primary in origin or from osteochondroma
- Metastasize to lungs
1 min
Marfan Syndrome
- Mechanism
- Fibrillin-1 Mutation
- Symptoms
- Autosomal Dominant
- Tall
- Arachnodactyly
- Pectus Excavatum
- Hypermobile Joints
- Aortic Aneurysm And Dissection
- Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
- Subluxation of Lens (Superior)
2 mins
Baker's Cyst
- Pathophysiology
- Due To Enlargement of Bursa Between Gastrocnemius and Semimembranosus Muscles
- Often Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis or Osteoarthritis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Often Asymptomatic
- Mass or Swelling Behind Knee
- Acute Pain If Rupture
- Crescent Sign
- Diagnosis
- Ultrasound
- Management
- Treat Underlying Condition
- Arthrocentesis
- Glucocorticoid Injection
4 mins
Osteochondroma
- Characteristics
- Most Common Benign Bone Tumor
- Males Under 25
- Cartilage-capped Spurs
- Metaphysis of Long Bones
- Small Risk of Chondrosarcoma
- Clinical Features
- Painless Mass near Joint
- Painful if Growing or Malignant
- Workup
- X-Ray
- MRI if Concern for Malignancy or Functional Limitation
- Management
- Monitoring
- Surgery
3 mins
Plantar Fasciitis
- Characteristics
- Inflammation of Plantar Fascia
- Symptoms
- Heel Pain
- Worse in Morning and with Dorsiflexion
- Treatment
- Lifestyle Changes
- NSAIDs
- Glucocorticoids
- Surgery as Last Resort
2 mins
Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Characteristics and Presentation
- Characteristics
- Idiopathic
- Still's Disease
- Autoimmune Joint Destruction
- Onset < 16 Years Old
- Presentation
- Arthritis
- Quotidian Fever
- Evanescent Exanthem
- Lymphadenopathy
- Hepatosplenomegaly
2 mins
Musculoskeletal Crossed Syndromes
- Upper Crossed Syndrome
- Upper Crossed Syndrome
- Thoracic Kyphosis
- Forward Head
- Scapular Winging
- Protracted Shoulders
- Lower Crossed Syndrome
- Lower Crossed Syndrome
- Lumbar Lordosis
- Anterior Pelvic Tilt
- Increased Hip Flexion
- Posture
- Postural Muscles
- Phasic Muscles
- Scoliosis
3 mins
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