Hypothalamus
- Anterior Pituitary Stimulated Through the Hypophyseal Portal
- GHRH
- GnRH
- TRH
- PIF
- CRF Released During Stress
- Posterior Pituitary Stimulated Through Neural Control
Ovulatory Hormones I - Follicular Phase
- 0-14 Days
- GnRH Stimulates FSH and LH
- Follicle Secretes Estrogen
- Negative Feedback from Estrogen
- Increased Estrogen Leads to Positive Feedback
- FSH and LH Surge
- LH Spike Leads to Ovulation
Infertility
- No Conception After 1 Year
- Artificial Insemination
- In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
- Clomiphene Citrate (Clomid)
- Menotropins
- GnRH Agonists
- Treat Underlying Disorders
- Emotional Support
- Multiple Gestations
Ovulatory Hormones II - Luteal Phase
- Days 15-28
- Corpus Luteum
- Secretes Progesterone
- Negative Feedback inhibits FSH and LH
- No pregnancy forms Corpus Albicans
- Stops Estrogen Secretion
- Endometrial Sloughing - Menses
- GnRH secretion produces new follicular phase
Contraception
- Preventing Unplanned Pregnancy
- Spermicides
- Diaphragm
- Cervical Cap
- Contraceptive Sponge
- Male Condom
- Oral Contraceptive
- Intrauterine Device (IUD)
- Injectable Progestins
Fetal Circulation
- Placenta
- Umbilical Vein
- Ductus Venosus
- Right Atrium
- Foramen Ovale
- Left Atrium
- Aorta
- Right Ventricle
- Ductus Arteriosus
- Umbilical Arteries
Presumptive Signs of Pregnancy
- Amenorrhea
- Fatigue
- Urinary Frequency
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Breast Changes
- Quickening
Probable Signs of Pregnancy
- Goodell Sign
- Chadwick Sign
- Hegar Sign
- Positive Serum and Urine Sample
- Braxton Hicks Contractions
- Ballottement
Positive Signs of Pregnancy
- Fetus on Ultrasound
- Fetal Heart Rate by Doppler or Fetoscope
- Fetal X-ray
- Fetal Movements
Quad Screen Results Interpretation
- AFP
- Estriol
- hCG
- Inhibin A
- Increased hCG + Inhibin A (HIgh)
- Down Syndrome
- Decreased hCG + Estriol + AFP (Low HEAp)
- Edward Syndrome
- Increased AFP
- Neural Tube Defects
- Abdominal Wall Defects
Discomforts of Pregnancy - First Trimester
- Breast Tenderness
- Supportive Bra
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Frequent Small Meals
- Urinary Frequency and Urgency
- Frequently Empty Bladder
- Leukorrhea
- Perineal Pad
- Ptyalism
Discomforts of Pregnancy - Second Trimester
- Supine Hypotension
- Side-lying Position
- Food Cravings
- Heartburn (Pyrosis)
- Constipation
- Moderate Exercise
- Varicose Veins
- Elevate Legs
- Backache
- Pelvic Tilt Exercise
- Nutrition
Discomforts of Pregnancy - Third Trimester
- Shortness of Breath (SOB)
- Rest Periods
- Return of Urinary Frequency and Urgency
- Empty Bladder Regularly
- Leg Cramps
- Stretching Exercises
- Ankle Edema
- Elevate Legs
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
- Bimodal Age Distribution
- Painless Vaginal Bleeding
- Amenorrhea
- Menorrhagia (Heavy Menstrual Bleeding)
- Metrorrhagia (Bleeding Between Menses)
- Balloon Thermotherapy
- Hormone Medications
- Dilation and Curettage (DandC)
- Monitor for Anemia
Spontaneous Abortion Overview
- Bleeding < 20 weeks Gestation
- Identify Type
- Bed Rest
- Monitor for Hemorrhage
- Save Pads and Linens
- RhoGAM
- Dilation and Curettage (DandC)
- Cerclage
- Emotional Support
Breastfeeding
- Complete Nutrition
- Antibody Protection
- Bonding
- Convenient
- SIDS Risk Reduced
- Possible Enhanced Cognitive Development
- Long-Term Health Benefits
Postpartum Nursing Assessment
- BUBBLE - LE
- Breasts
- Uterus
- Bladder
- Bowels
- Lochia
- Episiotomy (Laceration)
- Lower Extremities
- Emotions
Postpartum Infection
- Fever > 100.4F After 24 Hours (38 C)
- Multiple Vaginal Examinations
- Vaginal Trauma
- Prolonged Rupture of Membranes
- Cesarean Birth
- Anemia of Pregnancy
- Retained Placental Fragments
- Poor Health Status
Postpartum Hemorrhage
- Uterine Atony
- Lacerations
- Retained Placenta
- Bleeding
- Hypotension
- Boggy Uterus
- Oxytocin
- Bimanual Compression of Uterus
- Surgery
- Blood Transfusion
Postpartum Blues
- Depressed Affect
- Tearfulness
- Fatigue
- Resolves in 2 Weeks
- Supportive Care
Preeclampsia Assessment
- After 20 Weeks of Pregnancy
- Hypertension > 140/90
- Proteinuria or End-Organ Dysfunction
- Hypertension > 160/110
- Progressive Renal Insufficiency
- Vision Changes
- HELLP Syndrome
- Pulmonary Edema
Preeclampsia Interventions
- Side Lying Position and Bedrest
- Antihypertensives
- Magnesium Sulfate
- Labor Induction
Severe Preeclampsia
- Vasospasm and Decreased Organ Perfusion
- Intravascular Coagulation
- Increased Permeability and Capillary Leakage
- Hypertension
- Proteinuria or End-Organ Dysfunction
- Hepatic Dysfunction and Hemolysis
- Elevated Liver Enzymes
- Low Platelet Counts
Urinary Tract Infection Symptoms
- More Common in Elderly
- Most Common in Females and Babies
- Change in LOC
- Dehydration
- Fever
- Urgency
- Urethral Infection
- Burning
- Smelly Urine
- Dark Cloudy Urine
- Frequency of Urination
Urinary Tract Infection Prevention and Treatment
- Shower after Sex
- Urinate after Sex
- Wipe front to Back
- I and Os with Daily Weights
- Increase Water Intake
- Antibiotics
- Avoid Caffeine
- Dr Appointment in 2 Weeks
- Void every 2 - 4 hours