Achondroplasia
- Autosomal Dominant
- Advanced Paternal Age
- Most Common Cause of Dwarfism
- Mutation of FGFR3 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3)
- Defective Endochondral Ossification
- Delayed Motor Milestones
- Shortened Limbs with Normal Axial Skeleton Size
- May Develop Hydrocephalus
- Symptoms of Spinal Stenosis
- Normal Life Span and Fertility
Herniated Disc (Nucleus Pulposus)
- Spine Trauma
- Natural Degeneration
- Spinal Stenosis
- Pain
- Weakness
- Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
- Brace
- Medications
- Outpatient Procedures
- Surgery
Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease)
- Defective Osteoclast Resorption
- Carbonic Anhydrase II Mutation
- Lack of Acidic Environment
- Fractures
- Nerve Palsies
- Myelophthisic Anemia
- Erlenmeyer Flask Bones
- Normal ALP and PTH
- Normal Calcium and Phosphorus
- Bone-in-bone Appearance
- Bone Marrow Transplant
Paget's Disease of Bone
- Men > Age 40
- Increased Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity
- Mosaic Pattern
- Increased Skull Diameter
- Hearing Loss
- Fractures
- Bone Ache and Joint Pain
- High Output Heart Failure
- Bone Scan
- Normal Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcium
- Elevated ALP
- Bisphosphonate
- Calcitonin
Scoliosis
- S Shaped Lateral Spinal Rotation
- Unequal Shoulder and Scapula Height
- Uneven Gait
- Impaired Oxygenation
- Hump when Bending Forward
- Body Braces
- Worn 23 Hours/Day
- Surgery
- Adolescent Screening
Musculoskeletal Crossed Syndromes
- Upper Crossed Syndrome
- Thoracic Kyphosis
- Forward Head
- Scapular Winging
- Protracted Shoulders
- Lower Crossed Syndrome
- Lumbar Lordosis
- Anterior Pelvic Tilt
- Increased Hip Flexion
- Postural Muscles
- Phasic Muscles
- Scoliosis