Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Signs and Symptoms
- Kussmaul respirations
- Dehydration
- Abdominal Pain
- Nausea/vomiting
- Psychosis
- Fruity breath Odor
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diagnosis and Labs
- Blood glucose Increased > 250 mg/dL
- Anion gap metabolic acidosis
- Decreased pH < 7.3
- Decreased serum bicarbonate < 18
- Plasma ketones
- Hyperkalemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Treatment
- IV Normal Saline
- Regular Insulin Drip
- Potassium (K+)
- Glucose
- Treat Underlying Cause
- Venous pH
- Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Diabetic Glomerulonephropathy
- Nonenzymatic Glycosylation of Glomerular Basement Membrane
- Nonenzymatic Glycosylation of Arterioles
- Hyperfiltration
- Increased GFR
- Hyaline Arteriolosclerosis
- Mesangial Expansion
- Type IV Collagen Deposition
- Kimmelstiel Wilson Lesions
- Nephrotic
Dawn Phenomenon
- Increased Hormone Production
- Hyperglycemia Upon Awakening
- Long-Acting Evening Insulin
- Change Administration Times
- Insulin Pump
- Closely Monitor Glucose Levels
- Between 2-6AM
- Limit Carbohydrates Before Bedtime