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First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2021) | Physician Assistant (PA) School Study Aid
Vitamin A (Retinol) Function and Deficiency
- Mechanism
- Retinol
- Constituent of Visual Pigments
- Differentiation of Epithelial Cells into Specialized Tissue
- Signs and Symptoms
- Night Blindness
- Dry Skin
- Considerations
- Used to Treat Measles
- Antioxidant
2 mins
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
- Mechanism
- Vitamin D2
- Indications
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Rickets
- Hypophosphatemia
- Side Effects
- Fatigue
- Constipation
- Hypercalcemia
- Kidney Stones
2 mins
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
- Mechanism
- Vitamin D3
- Indications
- Dietary Supplement
- Vitamin D Deficiency
- Side Effects
- Fatigue
- Constipation
- Hypercalcemia
- Kidney Stones
- Considerations
- More Effective Than Ergocalciferol
- Hypervitaminosis D
2 mins
Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol)
- Mechanism
- Antioxidant
- Indications
- Fat Malabsorption Syndrome
- Alpha-TTP Deficiency
- Side Effects
- Bleeding
- Considerations
- Increased Risk Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Limit Doses < 200 IU per Day
- Nuts and Whole Grains
- Vegetable Oils
2 mins
Vitamin K
- Sources
- Dark Green Leafy Vegetables
- Synthesized by Intestinal Flora
- Mechanism
- Activated by Epoxide Reductase
- Gamma Carboxylation of Glutamate
- Activation of Clotting Factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S
- Considerations
- Deficiency with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
- Neonatal Hemorrhage with Increased PT and aPTT
- Warfarin is a Vitamin K Antagonist
4 mins
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
- Mechanism
- Branched-chain Ketoacid Dehydrogenase
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Alpha-ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase
- Transketolase
- DEFICIENCY EFFECTS
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Beriberi
- ATP Depletion
- Aerobic Tissues Like Brain and Heart Affected First
- Considerations
- Deficiency Can Worsen with Glucose Infusion
2 mins
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
- Classification
- Vitamin B2
- Biochemistry
- FAD
- FAD Makes 1.5 ATP
- Succinate to Fumarate
- DEFICIENCY
- Glossitis
- Cheilosis
- Corneal Vascularization
2 mins
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
- Derived from Tryptophan
- Synthesis Requires Vitamin B6
- Constituent of NAD+
- Deficiency Causes
- Hartnup Disease
- Carcinoid Syndrome
- Deficiency Symptoms
- Pellagra
- Diarrhea
- Dermatitis
- Dementia
- Glossitis
- Excess Symptoms
- Flushing
2 mins
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenate)
- Mechanism
- Pantothenate
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Coenzyme A
- Fatty Acid Synthase
- Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
- Enteritis
- Dermatitis
- Alopecia
- Adrenal Insufficiency
2 mins
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Pyridoxal Phosphate
- Mechanism
- Transamination
- Decarboxylation
- Glycogen Phosphorylase
- Cystathionine Synthase
- Functions
- Heme Synthesis
- Niacin Synthesis
- Neurotransmitter Synthesis
2 mins
Biotin (Vitamin B7)
- Mechanism
- Carboxylation Reaction
- Pyruvate Carboxylation to Oxaloacetate
- Propionyl-CoA Carboxylation to Methylmalonyl-CoA
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylation to Malonyl CoA
- Deficiency Causes
- Antibiotic Use
- Ingestion of Raw Eggs
- Signs & Symptoms
- Alopecia
- Dermatitis
- Enteritis
2 mins
Folate Deficiency
- Clinical Features
- Macrocytic Anemia
- Megaloblastic Anemia
- Etiologies
- Malabsorption
- Dietary
- Tea and Toast
- Alcoholics
- Medication-induced
- Methotrexate
- Trimethoprim
- Increased Requirement
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Pregnancy
2 mins
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency
- Mechanism
- Cobalamin
- Large reserve pool in the liver
- Homocysteine to methionine
- Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
- Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
- Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
- Hypersegmented Neutrophils
- Neurologic defects
- Posterior column
- Lateral corticospinal tract
- Spinocerebellar tract
5 mins
Vitamin C Mechanism and Deficiency
- Mechanism
- Ascorbic acid
- Antioxidant
- Protects Against Free Radicals
- Keeps Iron in Reduced State
- Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine
- Necessary for Dopamine B Hydroxylase
- Deficiency Signs and Symptoms
- Scurvy
- Swollen Gums
- Bruising
- Poor Wound Healing
- Hemarthrosis
- Perifollicular Hemorrhages
- Anemia
4 mins
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