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First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 (2021) | Physician Assistant (PA) School Study Aid
Hypercholesterolemia Disease
- Risk Factors
- Diabetes
- Smoking
- Family History
- Hypertension
- HDL < 40
- Men Older than 45 Years of Age
- Women Older than 55 Years of Age
- Signs and Symptoms
- Atheromas
- Plaques in Blood Vessel Walls
- Tissue Ischemia
- Xanthomas
- Lipemia Retinalis
2 mins
Hypercholesterolemia Risk Stratification
- 0 - 1 Risk Factors
- < 160 mg/dl LDL goal
- greater or equal to 2 Risk Factors and 10-year Risk ≤ 20%
- < 130 mg/dL LDL Goal
- Coronary Heart Disease OR >/= to 2 Risk Factors AND 10-Year Risk > 20%
- < 100 mg/dL LDL Goal
2 mins
Hypercholesterolemia Treatment
- Lifestyle Modifications (Diet, Exercise, Smoking Cessation)
- Statins
- Niacin
- Ezetimibe
- Fibrates
- Bile Acid Resins
- PCSK9 Inhibitors
- Omega 3 Fatty Acids
- Screening
- Pooled Cohort Test
2 mins
Abetalipoproteinemia
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Recessive
- Deficiency of Apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100
- MTTP Gene Mutation
- Clinical Features
- Malabsorption
- Steatorrhea
- Failure to Thrive
- Ataxia
- Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Spinocerebellar Degeneration
- Diagnosis
- Lipid-Laden Enterocytes
- Acanthocytes
- Decreased Cholesterol and LDL
- Treatment
- Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol)
4 mins
Hyperchylomicronemia (Type I Familial Dyslipidemia)
- INHERITANCE
- Autosomal Recessive
- PATHOGENESIS
- Lipoprotein Lipase Deficiency (LPL)
- Altered Apolipoprotein C-II (Apo C-II)
- Lab Findings
- Increased Chylomicrons
- Increased Cholesterol
- Increased Triglycerides
- Symptoms/Findings
- Pancreatitis
- Hepatosplenomegaly
- No Increased Risk for Atherosclerosis
- Eruptive/Pruritic Xanthomas
- Milky White Appearance of Blood When Drawn
3 mins
Familial Hypercholesterolemia (Type IIa Familial Dyslipidemia)
- INHERITANCE
- Autosomal Dominant
- PATHOGENESIS
- Defective or Absent LDL Receptors
- Defective Apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100)
- Lab Findings
- Increased LDL
- Decreased HDL
- Type IIb also has Increased VLDL
- Symptoms/Findings
- Accelerated Atherosclerosis
- Achilles Tendon Xanthomas
- Xanthelasma
- Corneal Arcus
4 mins
Dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III Familial Dyslipidemia)
- INHERITANCE
- Autosomal Recessive
- PATHOGENESIS
- Defective Apolipoprotein E (Apo E)
- Lab Findings
- Increased Chylomicrons
- Increased VLDL
- Symptoms/Findings
- Premature atherosclerosis
- Tuberoeruptive xanthomas
- Palmar xanthomas
3 mins
Hypertriglyceridemia (Type IV Familial Dyslipidemia)
- INHERITANCE
- Autosomal Dominant
- pathogenesis
- Hepatic Overproduction of VLDL
- Related to Insulin Resistance
- Lab Findings
- Increased VLDL
- Increased Triglycerides (> 1000 mg/dL)
- Symptoms/Findings
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Eruptive Xanthomas
- Increased Risk for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Increased Risk of Peripheral Vascular Disease
3 mins
Hyperlipoproteinemia (Type V Dyslipidemia)
- Pathophysiology
- Increased Cholesterol
- Increased VLDL
- Increased Chylomicrons
- Increased Triglycerides
- Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
- Clinical Features
- Xanthomas
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Diagnosis
- Lipid Panel
- Management
- Lifestyle Changes
- Statins
- Fibrates
2 mins
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