Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
- Abnormal Femoral Head in Acetabulum
- Positive Barlow Sign
- Clicking with Adduction
- Positive Ortolani Sign
- Clicking with Abduction
- Asymmetrical Limb Lengths and Folds (Gluteal and Thigh)
- Trendelenburg Sign
- Abduction Device
- Pavlik Harness
- Closed Reduction
Hip Fracture
- External Rotation
- Muscle Spasms
- Shortened Leg
- Pain
- Buck's Traction
- Analgesics
- Surgery
- Avascular Necrosis
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
- Idiopathic Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head
- Boys 5-7 Years of Age
- Symptoms < 18 Months
- Painless Limp
- Limited Range of Motion
- Intermittent Anterior Thigh Pain
- Insidious Pain in Knee
- Atrophy of Upper Thigh
- AP and Frog Leg Lateral X-ray
- Compression and Deformity of Femoral Head
- Bed Rest
- NSAIDs
- Containment with Brace or Cast
- Surgery
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
- Separation of Femoral Epiphysis from Femoral Neck
- Through Growth Plate (Physeal Plate)
- Obesity
- Male Adolescents
- African American
- Growth and Sex Hormone Imbalances
- Thigh or Knee Pain
- Inability to Bear Weight
- Decreased Internal Rotation of Hip
- Obligate External Rotation of Hip with Flexion
- Frog Leg Lateral X-ray
- Surgical Pinning
- Avascular Necrosis of Femoral Head
Baker's Cyst
- Due To Enlargement of Bursa Between Gastrocnemius and Semimembranosus Muscles
- Often Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis or Osteoarthritis
- Often Asymptomatic
- Mass or Swelling Behind Knee
- Acute Pain If Rupture
- Crescent Sign
- Ultrasound
- Treat Underlying Condition
- Arthrocentesis
- Glucocorticoid Injection
MCL Tear
- Medial Knee Injury
- Unhappy Triad
- Football
- Skiing
- Valgus Stress Test
- Conservative Management
ACL Tear
- Non-contact
- Popping
- Sudden Stop
- Change in Direction
- Unhappy Triad
- Lachman Test
- Reconstruction if Severe
Meniscus Tear
- Fibrocartilage Semicircular Band
- Traumatic
- Unhappy Triad
- Degenerative
- Clicking and Locking
- McMurray Test
- Pain on External Rotation
- Conservative Management
- Surgery
Unhappy Triad
- Lateral Force on Knee with Planted Foot
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament
- Medial Collateral Ligament
- Medial Meniscus
- Pain and Swelling of Knee
- Knee Instability
- MRI
- Surgery
Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Tibial Tubercle Apophysitis)
- Apophysitis of Tibial Tubercle
- Active, Young Boys
- Running and Jumping
- Overuse Injury
- Recent Growth Spurt
- Diagnosis Made on History
- Anterior Knee Pain
- Enlarged Tibial Tubercle
- Edema
- Rest
- NSAIDs
- Activity Restriction
- Self-limiting
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)
- Young Female Athletes
- Runners
- Overuse Injury
- Idiopathic Patellar & Retinacular Pain
- Chronic Anterior Knee Pain
- Increased with Squatting or Running
- Increased with Prolonged Sitting or Climbing Stairs
- Patellofemoral Compression Test
- Apprehension Sign
- NSAIDs
- Conservative Therapy
- Bracing
Plantar Fasciitis
- Inflammation of Plantar Fascia
- Heel Pain
- Worse in Morning and with Dorsiflexion
- Lifestyle Changes
- NSAIDs
- Glucocorticoids
- Surgery as Last Resort
Salter-Harris Fracture Classification
- SMACK
- Slipped Across Physis (Type 1)
- Metaphysis and Physis (Type 2)
- Articular-Epiphyseal (Type 3)
- Complete Metaphysis and Epiphysis (Type 4)
- Krushed Physis (Type 5)