Hypercalcemia
- > 10.5 mg/dL Ca2+
- Pathologic Fractures
- Lethargy
- Hypercoagulation
- Constipation
- ECG Changes
- QT Shortening
- No Calcium Intake
- Chelating Drugs
- Calcitonin
- Bisphosphonates
- Loop Diuretics instead of Thiazide Diuretics
- Increased Risk for Renal Calculi
- Increase Fluids
Hypercalcemia Causes
- Two CHIMPANZEES Acronym
- Thyroid Disorders
- Calcium Supplements
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Iatrogenic (Drugs, immobility)
- Milk-Alkali Syndrome
- Paget's Disease of Bone
- Acromegaly or Addison's Disease
- Neoplasms
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
- Excessive Vitamin A
- Excessive Vitamin D
- Sarcoidosis
Hypercalcemia Treatments
- Treat Underlying Disorder
- Hydration
- Dialysis
- Calcium Restriction
- Bisphosphonates
- Calcitonin
- Cinacalcet
- Glucocorticosteroids
- Denosumab
Hypocalcemia
- Muscle Spasms
- < 8.5 mg/dL Ca2+
- Decreased Bone Density
- Tetany
- Chvostek's Sign
- Trousseau's Sign
- Increased DTR
- ECG Changes
- QT Prolongation
- Oral and IV Replacement of Ca2+
- Seizure Precautions
Hypocalcemia Causes
- Hypoalbuminemia
- Hypomagnesemia (Less Common Hypermagnesemia)
- Hypovitaminosis D
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Medications
- Hyperphosphatemia
- Malnutrition
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Alkalosis
- Sepsis
- Chronic Kidney Disease
Hypocalcemia Treatments
- Treat Underlying Disorder
- IV Calcium Gluconate
- Cardioprotective
- Calcium Carbonate
- Calcium Citrate
- Vitamin D Supplements
- Treat Hypomagnesemia
Parathyroid Gland
- Blood Calcium Sensor
- Parathyroid Hormone
- Bone Resorption
- Blood Calcium Increases
- Vitamin D Activation
- Calcium Absorption From The Small Intestine
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypercalcemia
- Kidney Stones
- Osteoporosis
- Arrhythmias
- Increased Calcium and Decreased Phosphorus
- Prevent Injury
- Medication Education
- Surgery
MEN 1 (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
- Autosomal Dominant
- Menin Mutation (Tumor Suppression Gene)
- Chromosome 11
- Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
- Pituitary Tumors
- Parathyroid Adenomas
MEN 2A (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
- Autosomal Dominant
- RET Gene
- Medullary Thyroid carcinoma
- Calcitonin
- Parathyroid
- Pheochromocytoma
Hypoparathyroidism
- Hypocalcemia
- Lethargy
- Tetany
- Arrhythmias
- Decreased Calcium and Increased Phosphorus
- IV Calcium Chloride
- Rebreather Mask
- Lifelong Medications
- Oral Calcium Supplements with Vitamin D