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Biology | Pre-Health School Study Aid
Nucleus
- Characteristics
- Transcription Factors
- Nucleolus Transcribes rRNA
- DNA
- RNA
- Nuclear Membrane is a Bilayer
- Membrane is Continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Nucleus Surrounded by Cytosol
- Nuclear Pores
2 mins
RNA
- Characteristics
- mRNA
- 3' Poly A Tail
- 5' Cap
- Template For Translation
- rRNA
- Catalyzes Amino Acid Bonds
- Component of Ribosome Enzyme
- tRNA
- Anticodon Region
- 3' Tail Bind To Amino Acid
2 mins
Codon Overview
- Characteristics
- mRNA Read In Three Nucleotide Chunks
- AUG Is Start Codon
- Matching tRNA Anticodon
- Amino Acid Specific (To Codon)
- AUG Codes For Methionine
- UAA, UAG And UGA Are Termination Codons
2 mins
Chromosome and DNA
- DNA is the blueprint for building an organism
- A chromosome is packed with DNA
- Chromosomes exist in pairs
- Humans have 23 chromosome pairs
- Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
1 min
Chromosome Components
- Characteristics
- DNA
- Histones
- Nucleosomes
- Chromatin
- Chromosome
- Telomere
1 min
DNA Base Pairing
- Characteristics
- 3' End
- 5' End
- Antiparallel Base Pairing
- Complementary Strands Pair
- Thymine And Adenine Pair
- 2 Hydrogen Bonds
- Adenine and Uracil Pair in RNA
- Guanine And Cytosine Pair
- 3 Hydrogen Bonds
3 mins
Chromosome Forms
- Characteristics
- Chromosome
- Sister Chromatids
- Homologous Recombination
- Tetrad
2 mins
Translation: Initiation
- Translation: Initiation
- Ribosome Binds mRNA
- Complex Reads 5' to 3'
- AUG Start Codon
- Initiation Complex Forms
- GTP and Initiation Factor Bring Complex Together
- Met-tRNA Binds P Site
- tRNA With Bound Amino Acids Binds A Site
- Amino Acid Chain Created in Elongation
3 mins
DNA Replication
- Characteristics
- DNA Gyrase Uncoils Supercoil
- Helicase Separated DNA Strand
- Single-Strand Binding (SSB) Protein Keeps Strands Separated
- DNA Polymerase Synthesizes New Strand
- 3' To 5' Reading
- Primase Creates RNA Primer
- Telomerase Caps DNA Ends
- DNA Ligase Combines Okazaki Fragments
- Okazaki Fragments On Lagging Strand
4 mins
Translation: Elongation & Termination
- Translation: Elongation
- Amino Acid Chain Is Created
- New Amino Acid-tRNA Enters A Site
- GTP and Elongation Factors Help tRNA Enter A Site
- Peptide Chain Binds to New Amino Acid
- Peptide Chain-tRNA Moves to P Site
- Free tRNA in P Site Moves to E Site
- Translation: Termination
- Stop Codon at A Site Causes Termination
- Release Factors Help Complex Disassociate
- Complex Falls Apart
3 mins
Transcription Overview
- Initiation
- RNA Polymerase Binds Promoter
- Elongation
- DNA Opens by Helicase
- RNA Polymerase Reads 3' to 5'
- Nucleotides Added to 3' End
- Termination
- Stem Loop Formation
- Rho Protein Factor
3 mins
Eukaryotic Transcription Regulation
- DNA Silencer Region
- Transcription Factors bind Silencer Region
- Decreased Transcription
- Co-factors can deactivate factors
- Co-factors can activate factors
- DNA Enhancer Region
- Transcription Factors bind Enhancer Region
- Increased Transcription
- Enhancer and Silencer regions can be far from Promoter
2 mins
Eukaryotic Post Transcriptional Modification
- Modifications in Nucleus
- mRNA Splicing
- Introns Cut Out
- Exons spliced together
- Alternate Splicing
- 5' Cap added
- 3' Poly A tail added
- Transported to Cytosol
2 mins
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