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David Shared "Heme Exam 2" - 37 Picmonics

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Heme Exam 2

Cell Cycle Phases
Characteristics
G0 Phase
Growth Arrest
G1 Phase
G1 Check By Rb And p53
S Phase
DNA Mismatch Repair
DNA Synthesis
G2 Phase
G2 Check
M Phase
Mitosis And Cytokinesis
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3 mins
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Ages < 15
May Present with Bone Marrow Involvement in Children
Mediastinal Mass in Adolescents
TdT Positive
CALLA Positive
t(12;21) Better Prognosis
Spread to CNS and Testes
Most Responsive to Chemotherapy
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2 mins
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Myeloblasts Increase on Peripheral Smear
Median Onset 60 Years
T 15;17 M3 Subtype
Auer Rods
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a Common Presentation
M5 Gum Infiltration
Responds to Vitamin A
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3 mins
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Signs and Symptoms
Age > 60 Years
B Cell Neoplasm
Smudge Cells
Often Asymptomatic
Cold IgM Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Warm IgG Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Richter's Transformation
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3 mins
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Pathophysiology
BCR-ABL
9;22 Translocation
Philadelphia Chromosome
Signs & Symptoms
Tyrosine Kinase
Low Alkaline Phosphatase
Splenomegaly
Considerations
Blast Crisis
Age 30 to 90 Years
Responds to Imatinib
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3 mins
Follicular Lymphoma
Derives from Germinal Center
Occurs in adults
T14;18
BCL 2 overexpression
BCL 2 inhibits apoptosis
Indolent
Generalized lymphadenopathy
Bone marrow involvement
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2 mins
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Adolescents or young adults
C-myc gene moves next to heavy chain Ig gene
T 8;14
Starry sky appearance
Sheets of lymphocytes with interspersed macrophages
Jaw lesion in endemic (African) form
Pelvis or abdomen in non endemic form (American form)
Associated with EBV
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2 mins
Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
Epidemiology
Most Common Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Usually in Older Adults
20% in Children
Features
May be Mature T Cell in Origin
Derives from Germinal Center
GI Tract and Brain
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2 mins
Hairy Cell Leukemia
Pathophysiology
Mature B Cell Tumor
Signs and Symptoms
Splenomegaly
Diagnosis
Flow Cytometry
Cells Have Filamentous Hair-Like Projections
Stains TRAP Positive
Dry Tap on Bone Marrow Aspiration
Treatment
Cladribine
Pentostatin
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2 mins
Mantle Cell Lymphoma
Older Males
Activation of Cyclin D Gene
T 11;14
CD5
Poor Prognosis
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55 secs
Adult T Cell Lymphoma
Caused by HTLV 1
Japan, West Africa, Caribbean
Present with cutaneous lesions
Aggressive
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1 min
Mycosis Fungoides / Sézary Syndrome
Mechanism
Neoplastic CD4+ Cells
Adults 40 - 60 Years Old
Mycosis Fungoides
Neoplastic CD4+ Cells Infiltrate Skin
Rashes Or Plaques
Pautrier's Abscesses
Sézary Syndrome
Neoplastic CD4+ Spread from Skin to Systemic Involvement
Sézary Cells With "Cerebriform Nuclei"
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2 mins
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Assessment
Cause
Lymphatic Cancer
Non-Contiguous Spread
B or T Cells
Assessment
Painless Lymphadenopathy
Constitutional B Signs
Night Sweats
Fever
Weight Loss
Mediastinal or Abdominal Mass
Considerations
Older Adults
> 60 Subtypes
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2 mins
Leukemia Assessment
Cause
Immature WBCs
Assessment
Recurrent Infections
Easy Bruising
Bleeding
Anemia
Fatigue
Weight Loss
Bone Pain
Considerations
May Have Normal or High WBC Count
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2 mins
Leukemia Interventions
Diagnosis
Bone Marrow Aspiration
X-Rays
Interventions
Chemotherapy
Bleeding Precautions
Neutropenic Precautions
Strict Asepsis
Bone Marrow Transplant
Blood Transfusions
Monitor Temperature Elevations
Adequate Nutrition
Imatinib (Gleevec) for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
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3 mins
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Both B and T Cell Deficiency
Recurrent Viral, Bacterial, Fungal, Protozoal Infections
Defective Interleukin (IL) 2 Receptor
X-Linked
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
Failure to Synthesize MHC II Antigens
Treat with Bone Marrow Transplant
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2 mins
Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia
Pathophysiology
X-linked Recessive
Defective Bruton Tyrosine Kinase
Blocks B Cell Maturation
Signs & Symptoms
Decreased Immunoglobulins of All Classes
Bacterial Infections After Six Months
Maternal IgG Protects Before Six Months
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2 mins
Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Pathophysiology
DiGeorge Syndrome
22q11 Deletion
Failure to Develop Third and Fourth Pharyngeal Pouches
Signs and Symptoms
Undeveloped Thymus
T Cell Deficiency
Recurrent Viral and Fungal Infections
Undeveloped Parathyroids
Hypocalcemia
Tetany
Aortic Defects
Congenital Heart Defects
Diagnosis
Absent Thymic Shadow on CXR
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2 mins
Hyper IgM Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Deficient CD40 Ligand on Helper T-cells
Defective CD40 Receptor on B-cells
Inability to Class Switch
Signs and Symptoms
Pyogenic Abscess
Decreased IgG, IgA, IgE
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4 mins
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Pathophysiology
Defect in B Cell Maturation
Decreased Plasma Cells
Decreased Immunoglobulins
Signs & Symptoms
Sinopulmonary Infections
Increased Risk of Autoimmune Disease
Lymphoma
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1 min

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