Tarun Shared "Genetics & Cell Bio (B2)" - 45 Picmonics
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Genetics & Cell Bio (B2)
Nucleus
- Characteristics
- Transcription Factors
- Nucleolus Transcribes rRNA
- DNA
- RNA
- Nuclear Membrane is a Bilayer
- Membrane is Continuous with Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Nucleus Surrounded by Cytosol
- Nuclear Pores
2 mins
RNA
- Characteristics
- mRNA
- 3' Poly A Tail
- 5' Cap
- Template For Translation
- rRNA
- Catalyzes Amino Acid Bonds
- Component of Ribosome Enzyme
- tRNA
- Anticodon Region
- 3' Tail Bind To Amino Acid
2 mins
Codon Overview
- Characteristics
- mRNA Read In Three Nucleotide Chunks
- AUG Is Start Codon
- Matching tRNA Anticodon
- Amino Acid Specific (To Codon)
- AUG Codes For Methionine
- UAA, UAG And UGA Are Termination Codons
2 mins
Chromosome and DNA
- DNA is the blueprint for building an organism
- A chromosome is packed with DNA
- Chromosomes exist in pairs
- Humans have 23 chromosome pairs
- Chromosomes are found in the nucleus
1 min
Chromosome Components
- Characteristics
- DNA
- Histones
- Nucleosomes
- Chromatin
- Chromosome
- Telomere
1 min
DNA Base Pairing
- Characteristics
- 3' End
- 5' End
- Antiparallel Base Pairing
- Complementary Strands Pair
- Thymine And Adenine Pair
- 2 Hydrogen Bonds
- Adenine and Uracil Pair in RNA
- Guanine And Cytosine Pair
- 3 Hydrogen Bonds
3 mins
Chromosome Forms
- Characteristics
- Chromosome
- Sister Chromatids
- Homologous Recombination
- Tetrad
2 mins
Translation: Initiation
- Translation: Initiation
- Ribosome Binds mRNA
- Complex Reads 5' to 3'
- AUG Start Codon
- Initiation Complex Forms
- GTP and Initiation Factor Bring Complex Together
- Met-tRNA Binds P Site
- tRNA With Bound Amino Acids Binds A Site
- Amino Acid Chain Created in Elongation
3 mins
DNA Replication
- Characteristics
- DNA Gyrase Uncoils Supercoil
- Helicase Separated DNA Strand
- Single-Strand Binding (SSB) Protein Keeps Strands Separated
- DNA Polymerase Synthesizes New Strand
- 3' To 5' Reading
- Primase Creates RNA Primer
- Telomerase Caps DNA Ends
- DNA Ligase Combines Okazaki Fragments
- Okazaki Fragments On Lagging Strand
4 mins
Translation: Elongation & Termination
- Translation: Elongation
- Amino Acid Chain Is Created
- New Amino Acid-tRNA Enters A Site
- GTP and Elongation Factors Help tRNA Enter A Site
- Peptide Chain Binds to New Amino Acid
- Peptide Chain-tRNA Moves to P Site
- Free tRNA in P Site Moves to E Site
- Translation: Termination
- Stop Codon at A Site Causes Termination
- Release Factors Help Complex Disassociate
- Complex Falls Apart
3 mins
Transcription Overview
- Initiation
- RNA Polymerase Binds Promoter
- Elongation
- DNA Opens by Helicase
- RNA Polymerase Reads 3' to 5'
- Nucleotides Added to 3' End
- Termination
- Stem Loop Formation
- Rho Protein Factor
3 mins
Eukaryotic Transcription Regulation
- DNA Silencer Region
- Transcription Factors bind Silencer Region
- Decreased Transcription
- Co-factors can deactivate factors
- Co-factors can activate factors
- DNA Enhancer Region
- Transcription Factors bind Enhancer Region
- Increased Transcription
- Enhancer and Silencer regions can be far from Promoter
2 mins
Eukaryotic Post Transcriptional Modification
- Modifications in Nucleus
- mRNA Splicing
- Introns Cut Out
- Exons spliced together
- Alternate Splicing
- 5' Cap added
- 3' Poly A tail added
- Transported to Cytosol
2 mins
Cell Cycle Phases
- Characteristics
- G0 Phase
- Growth Arrest
- G1 Phase
- G1 Check By Rb And p53
- S Phase
- DNA Mismatch Repair
- DNA Synthesis
- G2 Phase
- G2 Check
- M Phase
- Mitosis And Cytokinesis
3 mins
Prophase
- Nuclear Membrane Disintegrates
- Centrioles Migrate
- Spindle Apparatus Forms
- Meiosis I starts Diploid
- Homologous Chromosomes form Tetrads
- Tetrads Cross Over
- Meiosis II starts Haploid
- Mitosis starts Diploid
- Sister Chromatid Pairs Stay Separated
2 mins
Anaphase
- Spindle Microtubules from Centrioles Split Pairs
- Meiosis I Tetrad Splits into Two Sister Chromatid Pairs
- Meiosis II Sister Chromatid Pair Splits into Two Chromatids
- Mitosis Sister Chromatid Pair Splits into Two Chromatids
1 min
Metaphase
- Characteristics
- Microtubules Extend from Centrioles' Spindles
- Centromere
- Kinetochore
- Meiosis I Tetrads Aligned at Metaphase Plate
- Meiosis II Sister Chromatids Aligned at Metaphase Plate
- Mitosis Sister Chromatids Aligned at Metaphase Plate
57 secs
Telophase
- Cytokinesis Divides Cells
- Meiosis I Cell Ends Haploid
- Meiosis II Cell Ends Haploid
- Mitosis Cell Ends Diploid
- Chromosomes Decondense into Chromatin
- Nuclear Membrane Reforms
1 min
Meiosis I
- Characteristics
- Prophase I
- Centrioles Migrate
- Spindle Apparatus Forms
- Nuclear Membrane Disintegrates
- Metaphase I
- Microtubules Extend from Centrioles Spindle
- Spindle Fibers Attach to Centromere
- Fused at Kinetochore
- Randomly Align at Metaphase Plate
- Anaphase I
- Spindle Microtubules from Centrioles Split Pairs
- Tetrad Splits into 2 Sister Chromatid Pairs
- Telophase I
- Cytokinesis Divides Cell
3 mins
Meiosis II
- Prophase II
- Centrioles Migrate
- Spindle Apparatus Forms
- Nuclear Membrane Disintegrates
- Metaphase II
- Sister Chromatids Align at Metaphase Plate
- Anaphase II
- Sister Chromatids Pulled Apart Into Two
- Telophase II
- Cytokinesis Divides Cells
- 4 Haploid Daughter Cells
2 mins
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