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CMBL Week 5
Fluoroquinolones Antibiotics
-floxacin
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits Topoisomerase II & IV
Bactericidal
Indications
Gram-negative Rods
Pneumonia
Gastrointestinal Infections
Urinary Tract Infection
Genital Infections
Drugs
Levofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Has Pseudomonas Coverage
Considerations
Avoid Polyvalent Cations
3 mins
Sulfonamides Mechanisms
Bacteriostatic
Gram-Positive
Gram-Negative
Nocardia
Chlamydia
PABA antimetabolites
Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfisoxazole
Sulfadiazine
1 min
Methotrexate
Indications
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cancer
Medical Abortion
Mechanism
Folic Acid Analog
Inhibits Dihydrofolate Reductase
Side Effects
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Myelosuppression is Treated with Leucovorin Rescue (Folinic Acid)
Macrocytic Anemia
Hepatitis
Teratogenic
Mucositis
2 mins
Etoposide
Indications
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Testicular Cancer
Mechanism of Action
Inhibits Topoisomerase II
Errors in DNA Synthesis Cause Apoptosis
Side Effects
Myelosuppression
Alopecia
Hypotension
Nausea and Vomiting
2 mins
Bleomycin
Indications
Testicular Cancer
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Mechanism of Action
Induces Free Radical Formation
Breaks in DNA Strands
Side Effects
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Skin Changes
Mucositis
1 min
Cisplatin
Indications
Carcinomas
Ovarian
Bladder
Lung
Testicular
Mechanism
Cross-Links DNA
Side Effects
Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Treat with Amifostine and Chloride Diuresis
2 mins
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
X-linked Recessive
Absence of HGPRT
Hypoxanthine to IMP
Guanine to GMP
Excess uric acid
Gout
Retardation
Self-mutilation
Choreoathetosis
PRPP is increased
2 mins
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency
Adenosine to Inosine
Excess ATP
Inhibition of Ribonucleotide Reductase
Prevents DNA Synthesis
Decreases B Cells and T Cells
Major cause of SCID
1 min
Orotic Aciduria
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Recessive
Defect in UMP Synthase
De Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis Pathway
Symptoms
Increased Orotic Acid in Urine
Megaloblastic Anemia
No Response to B12 or Folate
Non-Hyperammonemic
Failure to Thrive
Treatment
Oral Uridine Monophosphate
2 mins
Trimethoprim
Mechanism of Action
Bacteriostatic
Inhibits Bacterial Dihydrofolate Reductase
Causes Sequential Block of Folate Synthesis
Used in Combination with Sulfamethoxazole
Combination Used For Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
Indications
Shigella
Salmonella
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
Side Effects
Decrease in Red and White Blood Cells
Alleviated with Leucovorin Rescue
2 mins
Gout Disease
Acute Inflammatory Monoarthritis
Epidemiology
Primarily in Males
Pathophysiology
Precipitation of Monosodium Urate Crystals
Underexcretion of Uric Acid
Overproduction of Uric Acid
Negatively Birefringent, Needle-Shaped
Symptoms
Swollen, Red, Painful Joint
Asymmetric Joint Distribution
Podagra
Tophus
After Large Meal or Alcohol
2 mins
Gout Treatment
Acute (Acute-angle)
NSAIDs
Glucocorticoids
Colchicine
Impairs Leukocyte Chemotaxis
Chronic Gout (Crone Goat)
Inhibit Xanthine Oxidase
Allopurinol
Febuxostat
Inhibit Reabsorption of Uric Acid
Probenecid
1 min
Patau Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Trisomy 13
Signs and Symptoms
Severe Intellectual Disability
Microcephaly
Holoprosencephaly
Microphthalmia
Polydactyly
Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate
Rocker Bottom Feet
Omphalocele
Cystic Kidneys
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
2 mins
Edwards Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Trisomy 18
Signs and Symptoms
Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
Rocker Bottom Feet
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Clenched Hands
Overlapping Fingers
Low-Set Ears
Micrognathia
Prominent Occiput
Omphalocele
Meckel's Diverticulum
Horseshoe Kidney
Malrotation of Intestines
3 mins
Down Syndrome
Pathophysiology
Trisomy 21
Meiotic Nondisjunction
Signs and Symptoms
Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
Single palmar crease
Flat Facies
Duodenal Atresia
Hirschsprung's Disease
Septum Primum Type ASD
Endocardial Cushion Defects
Prominent Epicanthal Folds
Increased Risk of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Alzheimer's Disease
3 mins
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Pathophysiology
BCR-ABL
9;22 Translocation
Philadelphia Chromosome
Signs & Symptoms
Tyrosine Kinase
Low Alkaline Phosphatase
Splenomegaly
Considerations
Blast Crisis
Age 30 to 90 Years
Responds to Imatinib
3 mins
Myotonic Dystrophy
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Trinucleotide Repeat
CTG
Signs and Symptoms
Facial Muscle Weakness
Frontal Balding
Sustained Grip
Conduction Defects
Cataracts
Selective Atrophy of Type 1 Fibers
Testicular Atrophy
2 mins
Spermatogenesis
Seminiferous Tubules
Sertoli Cells
Spermatogonia
Mitosis
Primary Spermatocyte
Meiosis I
Secondary Spermatocyte
Meiosis II
Spermatid
Spermatozoa
Acrosome
Flagellum
2 mins
Oogenesis
Characteristics
Primary Oocytes From Birth
Meiosis I Once a Month
Secondary Oocyte Plus Polar Body
Frozen in Metaphase II, in Meiosis II
Ovulation
Fertilization by Sperm
Meiosis II
Ovum
Zygote Forms
2 mins
Tetracycline Mechanism
Binds to 30 S to Prevent Attachment of Aminoacyl tRNA
Limited CNS Penetration
Divalent Cations Inhibit Absorption
Must Not Take with Milk, Antacids, Iron
1 min
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