Carlos Shared "11 Cardio" - 108 Picmonics
With Picmonic, facts become pictures. We've taken what the science shows - image mnemonics work - but we've boosted the effectiveness by building and associating memorable characters, interesting audio stories, and built-in quizzing. Whether you're studying for your classes or getting ready for a big exam, we're here to help.
11 Cardio
Heart Embryology
- Primitive atrium (PA): Trabeculated part of left and right atria
- Primitive ventricle (PV): Trabeculated part of left and right ventricles
- Right horn of sinus venosus (RHSV): Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
- Primitive pulmonary vein (PV): Smooth part of left atrium
- Bulbus cordis (BC): Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles
- Left horn of sinus venosus (LHSV): Coronary sinus
- Truncus arteriosus (TA): Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
- Right common cardinal vein (RCCV) and right anterior cardinal vein (RACV): Superior vena cava
Fetal Erythropoiesis
- YOLK SAC
- 3–8 weeks
- Liver
- 6 weeks–birth
- Spleen
- 10–28 weeks
- Bone marrow
- 18 weeks to adult
Fetal Circulation
- Placenta
- Umbilical Vein
- Ductus Venosus
- Right Atrium
- Foramen Ovale
- Left Atrium
- Aorta
- Right Ventricle
- Ductus Arteriosus
- Umbilical Arteries
2 mins
Postnatal Circulation
- Infant Breathes
- Decreased Pressure in Pulmonary Vasculature
- Decreased Right Heart Pressure
- Increased Left Atrial Pressure
- Closes Foramen Ovale
- Increased O2
- Decreased Prostaglandins
- Closed Ductus Arteriosus
- Pharmacologic Intervention of Ductus Arteriosus
- Open with Prostaglandins
- Closed with Indomethacin
3 mins
Coronary Arteries
- Aortic Root
- Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
- Right (Acute) Marginal Artery
- Posterior Descending Artery (PDA)
- Left Coronary Artery (LCA)
- Left Anterior Descending (LAD) Artery
- Circumflex Artery
- Left Marginal Artery
1 min
Cardiac Cycle - Systole
- Characteristics
- AV Node
- AV Node Conducts Signal to Bundle of His
- Bundle of His Signals Purkinje Fibers to Contract Ventricles
- Tricuspid Valve Closes
- Pulmonary Valve Opens
- Mitral Valve Closes
- Aortic Valve Opens
2 mins
Cardiac Cycle - Diastole
- Characteristics
- Aortic Valve Closes
- Pulmonary Valve Closes
- Ventricles Relax
- Mitral Valve Opens
- Tricuspid Valve Opens
- Ventricles Fill
- Sinoatrial (SA) Node Fires
- Atrial Contraction
3 mins
High Blood Pressure Response
- Characteristics
- Atria Release Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
- Vasodilation
- Antagonizes Aldosterone
- Na+ and Water Excreted
1 min
Low Blood Pressure Response
- Characteristics
- Posterior Pituitary Releases Vasopressin
- Vasoconstriction
- Adrenal Cortex Releases Aldosterone
- Increased Na+ and H2O Reabsorption
1 min
Inotropy Curve
- Changes in contractility lead to altered CO for a given RA pressure (preload)
- Inotropy is related to the amount of intracellular Calcium (Ca 2+)
- Examples
- Catecholamines (SNS) and Digoxin increase Calcium, therefore increase Inotropy
- Uncompensated HF (RAAS, SNS and Frank no longer work)and narcotic overdosed (decreased pulmonary center in medulla decreases HR) decrease Inotropy
Venous return
- VR = Blood returning from the tissues that is filling up the RA
- Anything that increases Venous Pressure (VP) or decreases Right Atrium Pressure (RAP) leads to increases Venous Return (VR)
- Changes in circulating volume or venous tone lead to altered RA pressure for a given CO.
- Mean systemic pressure (x-intercept) changes with volume/venous tone.
- Mean systemic pressure (x-intercept) is the pressure that would force blood back into the RA if the heart was not beating (only dependent in the amount of blood creating pressure in the arteriole and veous circulation)
- EXAMPLES
- IV Fluids and Sympathetic activity increase VR
- Acute hemorrhage and spinal anesthesia decrease VR
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)
- At a given mean systemic pressure (x-intercept) and RA pressure, changes in TPR leads to altered CO.
- Arterioles are responsible for TPR
- EXAMPLES
- Vasopressors (like Norepinephrine) increase resistance, causing the heart to have more trouble pushing out blood
- Exercise (Increased Beta adrenergic activity) and AV shunt (Bypasses arterioles that manage resistance) decrease TPR
Pressure-volume loop
- Phases—left ventricle
- Isovolumetric contraction: period between mitral valve closing (S1 sound is heard) and aortic valve opening. Period of highest O2 consumption
- Systolic ejection: period between aortic valve opening and closing
- Isovolumetric relaxation: period between aortic valve closing (S2 can be heard) and mitral valve opening
- Rapid filling: period just after mitral valve opening (S3 occurs)
- Reduced filling: period just before mitral valve closing
- CHANGES
- Increased Preload (Moves to the right like the letter P)
- Increased Afterload (Tall and Skinny like the letter A)
- Increased Contractility (Moves to the left like the letter C)
Aortic Stenosis
- Characteristics
- Age-related Calcifications
- Bicuspid Aortic Valve
- Crescendo-decrescendo Murmur
- Systolic Murmur
- Ejection Murmur
- Ejection Click
- Radiates to Carotids and Apex
- Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
- Syncope
- Helmet Cells
2 mins
Tricuspid Regurgitation
- Holosystolic
- Blowing Murmur
- Radiates to Right Sternal Border
- Enhanced by Inspiration
1 min
Mitral Regurgitation
- Characteristics
- Holosystolic
- Blowing Murmur
- Loudest at Apex
- Radiates toward Axilla
- Louder by Squatting
- Hand Grip
- Expiration
1 min
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Pathophysiology
- Opening at Intraventricular Septum
- Most Common Congenital Heart lesion
- Symptoms
- High-pitched Holosystolic Murmer (over left sternal border)
- Dyspnea and Respiratory Distress
- Loud Pulmonic S2
- Diagnosis
- Echocardiogram
- Treatment
- Small VSDs Close Spontaneously
- Large VSDs Require Surgery
- Complications
- Endocarditis
- Eisenmenger's Syndrome
- CHF
2 mins
Aortic Regurgitation
- Auscultation
- Diastolic Murmur
- Immediate High-pitched
- Blowing Murmur
- Clinical Findings
- Wide Pulse Pressure
- Water Hammer Pulse
- Head Bobbing
- Pulsating Nail Bed
- Considerations
- Can Cause Austin Flint Murmur
1 min
Mitral Stenosis
- Characteristics
- Murmur Follows Opening Snap
- Late Diastolic Murmur
- Enhanced by Expiration
- Low-Pitched Rumbling
- Dilation of Left Atrium (LA)
- Recurrent Attacks of Rheumatic Fever
2 mins
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
- Continuous
- Machine like murmur
- Often Due to Congenital Rubella
- Prematurity
1 min
