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Neurology, Ophthalmology & Otology | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Causes of Dementia
- Reversible Causes
- Intoxication or Medications
- Depression
- Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Metabolic Conditions
- Irreversible Causes
- Lewy Body Dementia
- Prion Disease
- Pick's Disease
- AIDS Dementia
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Multi-infarct (Vascular) Dementia
2 mins
Lewy Body Dementia
- Pathophysiology
- Unknown Etiology
- Decreased Acetylcholine
- Alpha-synuclein Defect
- Eosinophilic Cytoplasmic Inclusion
- Signs and Symptoms
- Visual Hallucinations
- Progressive Dementia
- Fluctuating Cognition
- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
- Parkinsonism
- Treatment
- Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
3 mins
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Recessive
- Arylsulfatase A Deficiency
- Increased Cerebroside Sulfate
- Signs and Symptoms
- Demyelination
- Ataxia
- Dementia
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment (Early Symptoms)
- Risk Factors
- Advanced Age
- Early Signs and Symptoms
- Poor Judgment and Decision-Making
- Difficulty Having a Conversation
- Inability to Manage a Budget
- Losing Track of the Date or Season
- Misplacing Things
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment (Late Symptoms)
- Late Signs and Symptoms
- Memory Impairment
- Wandering Behavior
- Confabulation
- Perseveration
- Lack of Abstract Thinking
- Severe Cognitive Decline
1 min
5 A's of Alzheimer's Disease
- Agnosia
- Anomia
- Aphasia
- Apraxia
- Amnesia
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Interventions
- Diagnostic Tests
- PET Scan and CT
- Mini-Mental State Examination
- Interventions
- Drug Therapy
- Safe Environment
- Moderate Exercise
- Behavioral Modification
- Assistance with Functional Independence
- Assistance and Support for Caregiver
2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Assessment
- Assessment
- Decreased Dopamine
- Older Adult
- Cogwheel Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Shuffling Gait
- Resting Tremor
- Pill-Rolling
- Mask-Like Face
- Cognitive Decline
2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Interventions
- Medications
- Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
- Entacapone (Comtan)
- Selegiline (Eldepryl)
- Amantadine (Symmetrel)
- Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
- Benztropine (Cogentin)
- Considerations
- Allow Extra Time
- Ensure Patient Safety
- Surgery As Last Resort
2 mins
Parkinson's Drugs
- Parkinsons Characteristics
- Decreased Dopamine
- Increased Acetylcholine
- Drug Names
- BALSA Acronym
- Bromocriptine
- Amantadine
- Levodopa
- Selegiline
- Antimuscarinics
2 mins
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Assessment
- Progressive Muscle Weakness
- Systemic Muscle Wasting
- Fasciculations
- Spasticity
- Fatigue
- Considerations
- Riluzole (Rilutek)
- Stretching
- Little to No Cognitive Decline
- Respiratory Support
- Palliative Care
2 mins
Huntington's Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Trinucleotide Repeat
- CAG Repeats
- Chromosome 4
- Anticipation
- Caudate
- Decrease of ACh
- Decrease of GABA
- Signs and Symptoms
- Chorea
- Dementia
- Depression
- Glutamate Toxicity
- Neuronal Death via NMDA Binding
3 mins
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Mechanism
- Elderly
- Idiopathic
- Decreased Absorption of CSF
- Ventricular Enlargement
- Symptom Triad
- Urinary Incontinence
- Ataxia (Gait)
- Cognitive Dysfunction
2 mins
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
- Bilateral Amygdala Lesion
- Associated with HSV-1
- Hyperorality
- Hypersexuality
- Disinhibited Behavior
1 min
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
- Cause/Mechanism
- Maternal Infections
- Fetal Hypoxia
- Assessment
- Developmental Delay
- Neurological Dysfunction
- Spasticity
- Dysphagia
- Interventions
- Muscle Relaxants
- Muscle Exercises
- Assistive Devices
- Braces
2 mins
Rett Syndrome
- Pathogenesis
- Sporadic Neurological Disorder
- De Novo Mutation of MECP2 on X Chromosome
- RISK FACTORS & SYMPTOMS
- Seen Almost Exclusively In Girls
- Affected Males Die in Utero or Shortly After Birth
- Symptoms Usually Appear Between Ages 1-4
- Developmental Regression
- Motor Impairment
- Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation)
- Loss of Verbal Abilities
- Seizure
- Stereotyped Hand Wringing
- Decelerated Head Growth (Microcephaly)
- Breathing Problems
- Ataxia
5 mins
Pick's Disease (Frontotemporal Dementia)
- Epidemiology
- Affects People Aged 45 to 65.
- Pathophysiology
- Frontal and Temporal Lobes
- Occipital and Parietal Lobes are Spared
- Tauopathy
- Neuronal Apoptosis
- Clinical Features
- Dementia
- Personality Changes, Impaired Judgment, Apathy, and Disinhibition
- Behavioral Variant
- Primary Progressive Aphasia
- Diagnosis Based on Clinical Features and Imaging
- Management
- Supportive Care
5 mins
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