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Neurology, Ophthalmology & Otology | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Types of Strokes
- Warning Signs
- Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
- Reversible Ischemic Neurologic Deficit (RIND)
- Types
- Ischemic
- Thrombotic
- Atherosclerosis
- Embolic
- Atrial Fibrillation
- Hemorrhagic
- Severe Hypertension
3 mins
Middle Cerebral Artery
- Contralateral paralysis upper limb and face
- Contralateral loss of sensation of upper limb and face
- Affects Wernicke's area and Broca's area
- Aphasia if Lesion in Dominant (Left) Hemisphere
- Hemineglect if lesion in nondominant (right) hemisphere
1 min
Left Hemisphere Stroke Assessment
- Opposite Side Weakness (Hemiplegia)
- Side to Side Discrimination
- Aphasia
- Agraphia
- Slow Performance
- Aware of Deficits
- Anxiety
- Depression
2 mins
Right Hemisphere Stroke Assessment
- Opposite Side Weakness (Hemiplegia)
- Poor Proprioception
- Disoriented to Person, Place, Time
- Can't Recognize Faces (Prosopagnosia)
- Loss of Judgement and Awareness
- Impulsiveness
- Personality Changes
- Tonal Hearing Loss
2 mins
Anterior Cerebral Artery
- Contralateral paralysis of lower limb
- Contralateral loss of sensation in lower limb
1 min
Basilar Artery Stroke Assessment
- Characteristics
- Brainstem Structures
- Lateral Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts
- Clinical Findings
- Locked-in Syndrome
- Motor Dysfunction
- Preserved Vertical Eye Movements
2 mins
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Stroke Assessment
- Characteristics
- Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
- Lateral Pontine Syndrome
- Ipsilateral Clinical Findings
- Decreased Facial Pain and Temperature Sensation
- Facial Muscle Weakness
- Decreased Taste from Anterior 2/3 of Tongue
- Deceased Salivation and Lacrimation
- Nystagmus and Hearing Loss
- Horner Syndrome
- Ataxia
- Contralateral Clinical Findings
- Decreased Body Pain and Temperature Sensation
3 mins
Histologic Evolution of Ischemic Stroke
- > 5 Minutes
- Irreversible Neuronal Injury
- 12-24 hours
- Red Neurons
- 1-3 days
- Liquefactive Necrosis (Neutrophils)
- 3–5 Days
- Microglia
- 1-2 Weeks
- Reactive Gliosis (Astrocytes)
- Vascular Proliferation
- > 2 weeks
- Glial Scar
2 mins
Gerstmann Syndrome
- MCA Stroke
- Angular Gyrus
- Parietal Lobe
- Dominant Hemisphere
- Integration of Visual, Acoustic, and Sensory Information
- Components of Gerstmann Syndrome
- Left-Right Disorientation
- Finger Agnosia
- Agraphia
- Acalculia
2 mins
Wallenberg Syndrome (PICA Syndrome)
- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- Compromise of PICA
- Lateral Medullary Ischemia
- CLINICAL FEATURES
- Vertigo
- Nystagmus
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Loss of Pain and Temperature in the Ipsilateral Face
- Loss of Pain and Temperature Sensation in the Contralateral Limbs
- Dysphagia
- Dysarthria and Dysphonia
- Loss of Gag Reflex
- Ipsilateral Horner Syndrome
- Ipsilateral Ataxia and Dysmetria, as well as Dysdiadochokinesia
4 mins
Ischemia and Vulnerable Tissues
- Brain
- MCA-ACA and MCA-PCA Interface
- Heart
- Subendocardium of Left Ventricle
- Kidney
- Proximal Tubule
- Thick Ascending Limbs of the Loop of Henle
- Liver
- Central Vein
- Colon
- Splenic Flexure
- Rectosigmoid Junction
2 mins
Aphasia Post Stroke
- Causes
- Cerebrovascular Accident
- Non-Fluent Aphasia
- Broca’s Aphasia
- Fluent Aphasia
- Wernicke’s Aphasia
- Other Types of Aphasia
- Global Aphasia
- Conduction Aphasia
- Verbal Apraxia
- Dysarthria
- Diagnosis
- Cerebral Angiography
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Intervention
- Simple Short Sentences
- Visual and Tactile Cues
- Speech Therapy
4 mins
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