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Pathology | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Barrett's Esophagus
- Histological findings
- Metaplasia in Lower Esophagus
- Columnar Epithelium
- Associated Pathologies
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Esophagitis
- Esophageal Ulcers
- Increased Risk of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
1 min
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Assessment
- Pathophysiology
- Relaxed Lower Esophageal Sphincter
- Signs and Symptoms
- Dyspepsia (Indigestion)
- Belching
- Nighttime Coughing
- Dysphagia
- Epigastric Pain
- Regurgitation
- Heartburn (Pyrosis)
- Globus
2 mins
Achalasia
- Pathophysiology
- Failure to Relax Lower Esophageal Sphincter
- Malignancies
- Chagas Disease
- Loss of Auerbach Plexus
- Symptoms
- Dysphagia to Solids & Liquids
- Diagnosis
- Barium Swallow
- Bird's Beak Appearance
- Manometry
- Risk Factors
- Increased Risk Squamous Cell Carcinoma
2 mins
Mallory-Weiss
- Characteristics
- Bleeding From Tears in Mucosa
- Forceful Vomiting
- Alcoholism
- Eating Disorders (Bulimia)
- Painful Hematemesis
- Diagnosis
- Endoscopy
- Management
- Observation
2 mins
Boerhaave Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Esophageal Rupture
- Increased Esophageal Pressure while Vomiting
- Lower 1/3 of Esophagus
- Signs and Symptoms
- Chest Pain
- Odynophagia
- Subcutaneous Emphysema
- Management
- Shock
- Surgical Emergency
2 mins
Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
- Cause
- Esophageal Atresia
- Ends in Blind Pouch
- Assessment
- Coughing
- Choking
- Cyanosis
- Drooling
- Considerations
- NPO
- Surgical Emergency
- Aspiration Pneumonia
2 mins
Zenker Diverticulum
- Pathophysiology
- False Diverticulum
- Junction of Pharynx and Esophagus
- Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictor
- Symptoms
- Dysphagia
- Regurgitation of Undigested Food
- Halitosis
- Diagnosis
- Barium Swallow
- Treatment
- Surgical Repair
2 mins
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
- Triad of Symptoms
- Dysphagia
- Esophageal Webs
- Glossitis
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Association
- Squamous Cell Cancer of Esophagus
1 min
Esophageal Perforation
- Etiologies
- Iatrogenic
- Inflammation
- Trauma
- Boerhaave Syndrome
- Presentation
- Retrosternal Pain
- Subcutaneous Emphysema
- Pneumomediastinum
- Diagnostic Workup
- Chest X-Ray
- Esophagram
- Computed Tomography
- Management
- ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
- Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics
- Surgical Repair
4 mins
Eosinophilic Esophagitis
- Characteristics
- History of Atopic Disease
- Symptoms
- Dysphagia
- Diagnosis
- Endoscopy with Biopsy
- Eosinophilic Infiltrate
- Unresponsive to GERD Therapy
- Interventions
- Elimination Diet
- Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
- Topical Glucocorticoids
2 mins
Esophageal Varices
- Pathophysiology
- Cirrhosis
- Portal Hypertension
- Left Gastric Vein and Esophageal Veins
- Clinical Features
- Hematemesis
- Melena
- Hypotension
- Acute Management
- IV Fluids
- Antibiotics
- Octreotide
- Endoscopic Band Ligation or Sclerotherapy
- Balloon Tamponade
- Prophylaxis
- Nonselective Beta Blockers
- Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)
3 mins
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors and Presentation
- Characteristics
- Most Common Esophageal Cancer Worldwide
- Upper 2/3 of Esophagus
- RISK FACTORS
- Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
- Alcohol
- Smoking
- Poor Diet
- Achalasia
- Clinical Features
- Progressive Dysphagia
- Weight Loss
- Anemia
1 min
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Characteristics and Presentation
- Characteristics
- Most Common Esophageal Cancer in USA
- Lower 1/3 of Esophagus
- Risk Factors
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Barrett's Esophagus
- Achalasia
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Presentation
- Weight Loss
- Progressive Dysphagia
- Anemia
2 mins
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis and Management
- Diagnosis
- Endoscopy with Biopsy
- Barium Swallow
- "Apple Core" Appearance
- Ultrasound
- CT Scan
- Management
- Chemotherapy and Radiation
- Surgery
- Considerations
- Esophageal Stenosis
- Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
- Poor Prognosis
2 mins
Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
- Characteristics
- Spontaneous and Uncoordinated Muscle Spasms
- Clinical Features
- Dysphagia
- Chest Pain
- Diagnosis
- Manometry
- Corkscrew Appearance on Barium Swallow
- Management
- Avoid Triggers
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Nitrates
- Surgery
3 mins
Esophageal Stricture
- Risk Factors
- Caustic Ingestion
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Esophagitis
- Schatzki Rings
- Clinical Features
- Dysphagia
- Weight Loss
- Diagnosis
- Barium Swallow
- Endoscopy
- Management
- Esophageal Dilation
- Proton Pump Inhibitors
3 mins
Dysphagia
- Etiology
- Neurological Disorders
- Muscular Disorders
- Structural Abnormalities
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- Inflammatory Conditions
- Signs & Symptoms
- Difficulty Swallowing
- Choking or Coughing
- Regurgitation
- Diagnosis
- Clinical History and Physical Examination
- Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)
- Videofluoroscopy (Modified Barium Swallow Study - MBSS)
- Interventions
- Treat Underlying Cause
- Therapy
- Dietary Modifications
- Medications
- Surgery
3 mins
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