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Pathology | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Aspirin Poisoning (Salicylism) Assessment
- Early Symptoms
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Tinnitus
- Confusion
- Hyperventilation
- Respiratory Alkalosis
- Late Symptoms
- Metabolic Acidosis
- Coma
- Hyperthermia
1 min
Achondroplasia
- Mechanism
- Autosomal Dominant
- Advanced Paternal Age
- Most Common Cause of Dwarfism
- Mutation of FGFR3 (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3)
- Defective Endochondral Ossification
- Symptoms
- Delayed Motor Milestones
- Shortened Limbs with Normal Axial Skeleton Size
- May Develop Hydrocephalus
- Symptoms of Spinal Stenosis
- Normal Life Span and Fertility
2 mins
Paget's Disease of Bone
- Pathophysiology
- Men > Age 40
- Increased Osteoblast and Osteoclast activity
- Mosaic Pattern
- Signs and Symptoms
- Increased Skull Diameter
- Hearing Loss
- Fractures
- Bone Ache and Joint Pain
- High Output Heart Failure
- Diagnosis
- Bone Scan
- Normal Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and Calcium
- Elevated ALP
- Treatment
- Bisphosphonate
- Calcitonin
2 mins
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Decreased Type I Collagen Production
- Symptoms
- Phenotypically Diverse
- Brittle Bone Disease
- Fractures from Minimal Trauma
- Confused with Child Abuse
- Hearing Loss
- Dental Imperfections
- Blue Sclera
1 min
Osteopetrosis (Marble Bone Disease)
- Pathophysiology
- Defective Osteoclast Resorption
- Carbonic Anhydrase II Mutation
- Lack of Acidic Environment
- Symptoms
- Fractures
- Nerve Palsies
- Diagnosis
- Myelophthisic Anemia
- Erlenmeyer Flask Bones
- Normal ALP and PTH
- Normal Calcium and Phosphorus
- Bone-in-bone Appearance
- Treatment
- Bone Marrow Transplant
2 mins
Compartment Syndrome Assessment
- Mechanism
- Trauma
- Increased Pressure
- Compressed Nerves and Blood Vessels
- Assessment
- 1 or more of 6 P's
- Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
- Considerations
- May take Days to develop
- Early Detection
- Ischemia
- Damage often Irreversible
2 mins
Salter-Harris Fracture Classification
- SMACK
- Slipped Across Physis (Type 1)
- Metaphysis and Physis (Type 2)
- Articular-Epiphyseal (Type 3)
- Complete Metaphysis and Epiphysis (Type 4)
- Krushed Physis (Type 5)
2 mins
Herniated Disc (Nucleus Pulposus)
- Cause/Mechanism
- Spine Trauma
- Natural Degeneration
- Spinal Stenosis
- Assessment
- Pain
- Weakness
- Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
- Interventions
- Brace
- Medications
- Outpatient Procedures
- Surgery
2 mins
Muscular Dystrophy
- Mechanism
- X-linked Recessive
- Signs and Symptoms
- Muscle Weakness
- Motor Problems
- Gower Sign
- Large Calves
- Waddling Gait
- Loss of Ambulation
- Consideration
- Cardiac and Respiratory Failure
2 mins
Myotonic Dystrophy
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Trinucleotide Repeat
- CTG
- Signs and Symptoms
- Facial Muscle Weakness
- Frontal Balding
- Sustained Grip
- Conduction Defects
- Cataracts
- Selective Atrophy of Type 1 Fibers
- Testicular Atrophy
2 mins
Marfan Syndrome
- Mechanism
- Fibrillin-1 Mutation
- Symptoms
- Autosomal Dominant
- Tall
- Arachnodactyly
- Pectus Excavatum
- Hypermobile Joints
- Aortic Aneurysm And Dissection
- Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)
- Subluxation of Lens (Superior)
2 mins
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Types
- Types
- Types 1 and 2 - Classical
- Type V Collagen Mutation
- Joints and Skin
- Type 3 - Hypermobility
- Most Common
- Tenascin X Deficiency
- Joint Instability
- Type 4 - Vascular
- Type III Collagen Mutation
- Vascular and Organ Rupture
2 mins
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Faulty Collagen Synthesis
- Autosomal Dominant or Recessive
- Various Severities
- Signs and Symptoms
- Hypermobile Joints
- Hyperextensible Skin
- Easy Bruising/Bleeding
- Berry (Saccular) Aneurysm
- Considerations
- Brighton Criteria
2 mins
Polymyositis / Dermatomyositis Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy
- More Common in Women
- Endomysial Inflammation with CD8+ Cells (Polymyositis)
- Perimysial Inflammation with CD4+ Cells (Dermatomyositis)
- Signs and Symptoms (Both)
- Symmetric Proximal Muscle Weakness
- Dysphagia
- Lung and Cardiac Involvement
- Signs and Symptoms (Dermatomyositis)
- Malar Rash
- Shawl-like Shoulder Rash
- Gottron Papules on Knuckles
- Heliotrope Rash
3 mins
Polymyositis / Dermatomyositis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosis
- Increased CK (CPK)
- Increased Aldolase
- Anti-JO-1 Antibody
- Anti-SRP Antibody
- Antinuclear Antibody
- Abnormal EMG
- Biopsy
- Treatment
- Corticosteroids
- Methotrexate
- Azathioprine
- Treatment For Resistant Disease
- Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)
- Cyclophosphamide
- Rituximab
- Calcineurin Inhibitors
2 mins
Types of Fractures
- Nondisplaced
- Displaced
- Incomplete
- Complete
- Closed
- Open
- Direction of Fracture Line
2 mins
Abusive Head Trauma (Shaken Baby Syndrome)
- Presentation
- Subdural Hemorrhage
- Retinal Hemorrhages
- Bruising and Fractures
- Diagnosis
- CT of Head
- Skeletal Survey
- Treatment
- Document Injuries
- Notify Child Protective Services
1 min
Compartment Syndrome Interventions
- Interventions
- Frequent Neurovascular Assessments
- Evaluate Pain
- Do Not Elevate Extremity
- Remove or Loosen Restrictive Items
- Fasciotomy
- Amputation
- Considerations
- Infection
- Monitor Urine Output
2 mins
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