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Pathology | Medicine (MD/DO) School Study Aid
Hypoxia (Early Symptoms)
- Diaphoresis
- Restlessness
- Tachypnea
- Dyspnea on Exertion
- Tachycardia
- Hypertension
- Arrhythmias
- Decreased Urine Output
- Unexplained Fatigue
1 min
Hypoxia (Late Symptoms)
- Cyanosis
- Cool, Clammy Skin
- Use of Accessory Muscles
- Retractions
- Hypotension
- Arrhythmias
2 mins
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
- Mechanism
- Accumulation of Air in Pleural Space
- Tall and Thin Young Males
- Bleb or Bulla Rupture
- Underlying Disease
- Signs and Symptoms
- Hypoxemia
- Chest Pain
- Decreased Breath Sounds
- Hyperresonance
- Shortness of Breath (SOB)
1 min
Tension Pneumothorax
- Mechanism
- Air Enters Pleural Space, but Can't Exit
- Trauma or Infection
- Signs and Symptoms
- Decreased Breath Sounds
- Trachea Deviates Away from Affected Side
- Chest Pain
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Hypotension
- Hypoxemia
- Hyperresonance
- Emergency
2 mins
Chest Tubes: Management and Care
- Confirm suction order
- Assessment
- Crepitus
- Kinking
- Shortness of Breath (SOB)
- Infection
- Excessive bubbling
- Quick Interventions
- If tube dislodges from patient, use petroleum gauze taped 3 ways
- If drainage system is damaged, place disconnected drainage tube in sterile water
1 min
Flail Chest
- Cause/Mechanism
- Trauma
- Assessment
- Shallow Respirations
- Chest Pain
- Paradoxical Chest Movement
- Interventions
- Mechanical Ventilation
- Analgesics
- Intercostal Nerve Blocks
- Considerations
- Surgical Rib Fixation
- Monitor Pulmonary Contusion
2 mins
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
- Cause/Mechanism
- Narrowed or Obstructed Air Passage
- Assessment
- Apnea
- Loud Snoring
- Startle Response
- Daytime Drowsiness
- Interventions
- Positional Therapy
- Oral Appliance
- Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
- Surgery
- Considerations
- Weight Loss
3 mins
Cyanide Poisoning: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestation
- Pathophysiology
- Inhibits Complex IV of Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Forces Cells Into Anaerobic Metabolism
- Presentation
- Exposure to Fire Fumes
- Industrial Exposure
- Headache and Confusion
- Arrhythmias
- "Cherry Red" Skin
- Almond Breath/Taste
- Acute Renal Failure
4 mins
Cyanide Poisoning Diagnosis and Treatment
- Lab Findings
- Lactic Acidosis
- Elevated Venous PO2
- Check Carboxyhemoglobin
- Management
- Sodium Nitrate PLUS Sodium Thiosulfate
- Methemoglobinemia
- OR Hydroxocobalamin (First Line)
4 mins
Pneumothorax
- Mechanism
- Air Enters Pleural Space
- Assessment
- Sudden Dyspnea
- Absent or Restricted Movement on Affected Side
- Decreased or Absent Breath Sounds on Affected Side
- Chest Pain
- Tracheal Deviation
- Vital Sign Changes
- Crepitus
- Considerations
- High Fowler's Position With Oxygen
- Prepare For Chest Tube Placement
- Educate High Risk Patients
2 mins
Methemoglobinemia Characteristics
- Characteristics
- Oxidized Iron in Hemoglobin
- Decreased Affinity for Oxygen
- Increased Affinity for Cyanide
- Etiologies
- Dietary Nitrates
- Drugs
- Nitroglycerin
- Lidocaine
- G6PD Deficiency
2 mins
Pleural Effusion
- Characteristics
- Accumulation of Fluid in Pleural Space
- Types
- Transudative
- Exudative
- Chylothorax
- Clinical Features
- Dyspnea
- Pleuritic Chest Pain
- Decreased Breath Sounds
- Diagnosis
- Chest X-ray
- Light Criteria
- Management
- Treat Underlying Disorder
- Thoracentesis
3 mins
Acute Carbon Monoxide Toxicity Characteristics and Presentation
- Characteristics
- Carboxyhemoglobin
- Decreases Hemoglobin's Oxygen Carrying Capacity
- Increases Hemoglobin's Oxygen Affinity
- Anaerobic Metabolism
- Etiologies
- Vehicle Exhaust
- House Fires
- Clinical Features
- Altered Mental Status
- Headache
- Nausea and Vomiting
- Dyspnea
- "Cherry Red" Skin
- Associations
- Cyanide Toxicity
2 mins
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