Enzyme Types
- Lyases
- Hydrolases
- Transferases
- Isomerases
- Oxidoreductases
- Ligases
Glycolysis
- Glucose
- Hexokinase or Glucokinase
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Aldolase
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphoglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Pyruvate Kinase
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Acetyl-CoA
Gluconeogenesis
- Produces Glucose from Non-Carbohydrate Substrates
- Upregulated by Glucagon and Cortisol
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Carboxylase
- Oxaloacetate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Glucose
- Von Gierke Disease
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate
- Citric Acid
- Isocitric Acid
- Produces NADH
- Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
- Produces NADH
- Succinyl CoA
- Produces GTP
- Succinate
- Produces FADH2
- Fumarate
- Uses Water
- Malate
- Produces NADH
- Oxaloacetate
Glycogen Metabolism
- Glucose to UDP-Glucose
- UDP-Glucose to Glycogen
- Glycogenin
- Glycogen Synthase
- Branching Enzyme
- Glycogen to Glucose
- Glycogen Phosphorylase + Vitamin B6 Cofactor
- Limit Dextrin
- Debranching Enzyme
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Ribulose-5-Phosphate
- Generates NADPH
- Reduces Glutathione
- Prevents Oxidative Damage
- Ribulose-5-Phosphate to Ribose-5-Phosphate
- Nucleotide Synthesis
De Novo Purine Synthesis
- Ribose-5-Phosphate
- PRPP (Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate)
- Glutamine PRPP Amidotransferase
- Phosphoribosylamine
- Folate Cofactor
- Inosine Monophosphate
- Adenosine Monophosphate
- Requires GTP
- Guanosine Monophosphate
- Requires ATP
Urea Cycle
- N-Acetylglutamate
- Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
- NH3 + CO2
- Carbamoyl Phosphate
- Ornithine Transcarbamylase
- Citrulline
- Aspartate
- Argininosuccinate
- Fumarate
- Arginine
- H2O to Urea
- Ornithine
Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis
- Acetyl-CoA
- Biotin Cofactor
- Malonyl-CoA
- Fatty Acids
- Triglycerides
- Glycerol
- DHAP
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- HMG-CoA
- HMG-CoA Reductase
- Mevalonate
- Cholesterol
- Acetoacetate
- Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
Cholesterol Synthesis
- Acetyl-CoA
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- Cytosolic HMG-CoA Synthase
- HMG-CoA
- HMG-CoA Reductase
- Mevalonate
- Cholesterol