Aerobic Respiration
- Mitochondrial Matrix
- 2 Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Decarboxylation
- 2 NADH
- 2 Acetyl-CoA
- Krebs Cycle
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 Substrate Level ATPs
Anaerobic Respiration
- Cytosol
- Glucose
- Glycolysis
- Substrate-level Phosphorylation
- 2 NADH
- 2 Net ATP
- 2 Pyruvate
- Fermentation
- NAD+ Regeneration
- Waste Byproduct
Energy Releasing Pathways: Accounting
- Anaerobic Respiration
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
- Aerobic Respiration
- 8 NADH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 ATP
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- 34 ATP
- 2 ATP Lost
- 36 Net Total ATP
Galactose Metabolism
- Lactase
- Converts Lactose to Galactose
- Galactokinase
- Converts Galactose to Galactose-1-Phosphate
- Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase (GALT)
- Converts Galactose-1-Phosphate to Glucose-1-Phosphate + UDP-Galactose
- Glucose-1-Phosphate Enters Glycolysis
- Produced from Glycerol in Lactating Breast Tissue
Glycolysis
- Glucose
- Hexokinase or Glucokinase
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Aldolase
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
- 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphoglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Pyruvate Kinase
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
- Acetyl-CoA
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway)
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Converts Glucose-6-Phosphate to Ribulose-5-Phosphate
- Generates NADPH
- Reduces Glutathione
- Prevents Oxidative Damage
- Ribulose-5-Phosphate to Ribose-5-Phosphate
- Nucleotide Synthesis
Fructose Metabolism
- Fructose
- Fructokinase
- Fructose-1-Phosphate
- Aldolase B
- DHAP
- Glyceraldehyde
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
Lipid Metabolism and Ketogenesis
- Acetyl-CoA
- Biotin Cofactor
- Malonyl-CoA
- Fatty Acids
- Triglycerides
- Glycerol
- DHAP
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- HMG-CoA
- HMG-CoA Reductase
- Mevalonate
- Cholesterol
- Acetoacetate
- Beta-Hydroxybutyrate
Gluconeogenesis
- Produces Glucose from Non-Carbohydrate Substrates
- Upregulated by Glucagon and Cortisol
- Pyruvate
- Pyruvate Carboxylase
- Oxaloacetate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Carboxykinase
- Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
- Fructose-6-phosphate
- Glucose-6-phosphate
- Glucose 6-phosphatase
- Glucose
- Von Gierke Disease
Glycogen Metabolism
- Glucose to UDP-Glucose
- UDP-Glucose to Glycogen
- Glycogenin
- Glycogen Synthase
- Branching Enzyme
- Glycogen to Glucose
- Glycogen Phosphorylase + Vitamin B6 Cofactor
- Limit Dextrin
- Debranching Enzyme
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Acetyl-CoA + Oxaloacetate
- Citric Acid
- Isocitric Acid
- Produces NADH
- Alpha-Ketoglutaric Acid
- Produces NADH
- Succinyl CoA
- Produces GTP
- Succinate
- Produces FADH2
- Fumarate
- Uses Water
- Malate
- Produces NADH
- Oxaloacetate
Urea Cycle
- N-Acetylglutamate
- Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
- NH3 + CO2
- Carbamoyl Phosphate
- Ornithine Transcarbamylase
- Citrulline
- Aspartate
- Argininosuccinate
- Fumarate
- Arginine
- H2O to Urea
- Ornithine