Marasmus
- Deficiency of all Nutrients
- Body Weight < 60% of Normal
- Tissue and Muscle Wasting
- Loss of Subcutaneous Fat (Buttocks and Thighs)
- Variable Edema
Kwashiorkor
- Protein Deficiency
- Swollen Belly
- MEALS
- Malnutrition
- Edema
- Anemia
- Liver Malfunction
- Skin Lesions
Zinc Deficiency
- Used in Over 100 Enzymes
- Zinc Finger Formation
- Delayed Wound Healing
- Hypogonadism
- Decreased Adult Hair
- Dysgeusia
- Anosmia
- Perioral Rash
- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
- Increased Risk in Patients with Cirrhosis
Vitamin A (Retinol) Function and Deficiency
- Retinol
- Constituent of Visual Pigments
- Differentiation of Epithelial Cells into Specialized Tissue
- Night Blindness
- Dry Skin
- Used to Treat Measles
- Antioxidant
Vitamin A (Retinol) Toxicity
- Alopecia
- Vision Changes
- Headache
- Skin Changes
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hepatotoxicity
- Arthralgias
- Teratogen
- Cleft palate
- Cardiac Abnormalities
Beriberi (Thiamine Deficiency)
- Thiamine Deficiency
- Dry Beriberi
- Polyneuritis
- Muscle Wasting
- Wet Beriberi
- Dilated Cardiomyopathy
- Edema
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Thiamine deficiency
- Confusion
- Ophthalmoplegia
- Ataxia
- Korsakoff
- Confabulation
- Personality Changes
- Memory loss
- Alcoholics
- Damage to medial dorsal nucleus
- Damage to mammillary bodies
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency
- Deficiency From Isoniazid
- Deficiency From Oral Contraceptives
- Seizures
- Hyperirritability
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Sideroblastic Anemia
Vitamin C Mechanism and Deficiency
- Ascorbic acid
- Antioxidant
- Protects Against Free Radicals
- Keeps Iron in Reduced State
- Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine
- Necessary for Dopamine B Hydroxylase
- Scurvy
- Swollen Gums
- Bruising
- Poor Wound Healing
- Hemarthrosis
- Perifollicular Hemorrhages
- Anemia
Vitamin D Deficiency
- Rickets in children
- Bending bones
- Rachitic rosary
- Breast milk has decreased vitamin D
- Osteomalacia in adults
- Tetany from Hypocalcemia
Vitamin D Toxicity
- Kidney Stones
- Metastatic Calcification of the Kidney
- Loss of Appetite
- Abdominal Pain
- Sarcoidosis
Vitamin E Deficiency
- Antioxidant
- Protects Erythrocytes
- Protects from Free Radical Damage
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Posterior Column
- Spinocerebellar Tract
Lead Antidotes
- Dimercaprol
- CaEDTA
- Succimer
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Mechanism and Deficiency
- Cobalamin
- Large reserve pool in the liver
- Homocysteine to methionine
- Methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
- Macrocytic Megaloblastic Anemia
- Hypersegmented Neutrophils
- Neurologic defects
- Posterior column
- Lateral corticospinal tract
- Spinocerebellar tract
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Causes
- Vegans
- Pernicious Anemia
- Gastric Bypass Surgery
- Malabsorption
- Sprue
- Enteritis
- Crohn's Disease
- Diphyllobothrium latum
Folate Deficiency
- Macrocytic Anemia
- Megaloblastic Anemia
- Malabsorption
- Dietary
- Tea and Toast
- Alcoholics
- Medication-induced
- Methotrexate
- Trimethoprim
- Increased Requirement
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Pregnancy
Food Allergies and Restrictions
- Gluten-Free
- Lactose-Free
- Plant-Based
- Diabetic and Sugar-Free
- Nut Allergy
- Soy Allergy