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Pathology | Nurse Practitioner (NP) School Study Aid
Multiple Sclerosis Features and Mechanisms
- Features
- More Common in Women
- Presents in 20's and 30's
- Northern Europeans
- Mechanism
- Unknown mechanism, genetic factor
- HLA-DRB1
- Autoimmune Demyelination of CNS
- White Matter of Brain and Spinal Cord
- T Cell Mediated Inflammation
2 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms and Diagnosis
- Symptoms
- Optic Neuritis
- Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
- Scanning Speech
- Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
- Motor Issues (Intention Tremor, Paresis)
- Numbness and Pain
- Depression
- Relapsing Symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Gold Standard = Plaques on MRI
- Increased CSF Immunoglobulins (IgG)
- Oligoclonal Bands
4 mins
Multiple Sclerosis Interventions
- Drug Therapy
- Corticosteroids
- Interferon Beta
- Dimethyl Fumarate (Tecfidera)
- Fingolimod (Gilenya)
- Mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
- Natalizumab (Tysabri)
- Considerations
- Increase Exercise
- Identify Triggers
2 mins
Myasthenia Gravis
- Mechanism
- Antibodies to Acetylcholine Receptor
- Symptoms
- Ptosis
- Diplopia
- Weakness with Muscle Use
- Respiratory Death
- Thymus Associated
- Treatment
- Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
- Plasmapheresis
- Thymectomy
1 min
Guillain-Barre Syndrome Assessment
- Assessment
- Ascending Paralysis
- Muscle Weakness
- Paresthesias (Pins and Needles)
- Diplopia
- Difficulty Speaking
- Dysphagia
- Labile Blood Pressure
- Loss of Bowel and Bladder Control
- Considerations
- Aggressive Airway Management
2 mins
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
- Mechanism
- Autoantibody to the Presynaptic Calcium Channel on Motor Neurons
- Inhibits Acetylcholine (ACh) Release at Neuromuscular Junction
- Paraneoplastic Syndrome
- Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Symptoms
- Proximal Muscle Weakness
- Improves with Muscle Use
- Autonomic Symptoms
- Extraocular Muscle Sparing
2 mins
Autonomic Dysreflexia
- Injury Above T6
- Assessment
- Paroxysmal Hypertension
- Bradycardia
- Diaphoresis
- Flushing Above Lesion
- Piloerection
- Nasal Congestion
- Headache
- Interventions
- Elevate Head of Bed
- Remove Noxious Stimuli
2 mins
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