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Pathology | Nurse Practitioner (NP) School Study Aid
Causes of Dementia
- Reversible Causes
- Intoxication or Medications
- Depression
- Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency
- Metabolic Conditions
- Irreversible Causes
- Lewy Body Dementia
- Prion Disease
- Pick's Disease
- AIDS Dementia
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Multi-infarct (Vascular) Dementia
2 mins
5 A's of Alzheimer's Disease
- Agnosia
- Anomia
- Aphasia
- Apraxia
- Amnesia
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment (Early Symptoms)
- Risk Factors
- Advanced Age
- Early Signs and Symptoms
- Poor Judgment and Decision-Making
- Difficulty Having a Conversation
- Inability to Manage a Budget
- Losing Track of the Date or Season
- Misplacing Things
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Assessment (Late Symptoms)
- Late Signs and Symptoms
- Memory Impairment
- Wandering Behavior
- Confabulation
- Perseveration
- Lack of Abstract Thinking
- Severe Cognitive Decline
1 min
Alzheimer's Disease Interventions
- Diagnostic Tests
- PET Scan and CT
- Mini-Mental State Examination
- Interventions
- Drug Therapy
- Safe Environment
- Moderate Exercise
- Behavioral Modification
- Assistance with Functional Independence
- Assistance and Support for Caregiver
2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Assessment
- Assessment
- Decreased Dopamine
- Older Adult
- Cogwheel Rigidity
- Bradykinesia
- Shuffling Gait
- Resting Tremor
- Pill-Rolling
- Mask-Like Face
- Cognitive Decline
2 mins
Parkinson's Disease Interventions
- Medications
- Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)
- Entacapone (Comtan)
- Selegiline (Eldepryl)
- Amantadine (Symmetrel)
- Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
- Benztropine (Cogentin)
- Considerations
- Allow Extra Time
- Ensure Patient Safety
- Surgery As Last Resort
2 mins
Parkinson's Drugs
- Parkinsons Characteristics
- Decreased Dopamine
- Increased Acetylcholine
- Drug Names
- BALSA Acronym
- Bromocriptine
- Amantadine
- Levodopa
- Selegiline
- Antimuscarinics
2 mins
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Assessment
- Progressive Muscle Weakness
- Systemic Muscle Wasting
- Fasciculations
- Spasticity
- Fatigue
- Considerations
- Riluzole (Rilutek)
- Stretching
- Little to No Cognitive Decline
- Respiratory Support
- Palliative Care
2 mins
Huntington's Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Trinucleotide Repeat
- CAG Repeats
- Chromosome 4
- Anticipation
- Caudate
- Decrease of ACh
- Decrease of GABA
- Signs and Symptoms
- Chorea
- Dementia
- Depression
- Glutamate Toxicity
- Neuronal Death via NMDA Binding
3 mins
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
- Mechanism
- Elderly
- Idiopathic
- Decreased Absorption of CSF
- Ventricular Enlargement
- Symptom Triad
- Urinary Incontinence
- Ataxia (Gait)
- Cognitive Dysfunction
2 mins
Lewy Body Dementia
- Pathophysiology
- Unknown Etiology
- Decreased Acetylcholine
- Alpha-synuclein Defect
- Eosinophilic Cytoplasmic Inclusion
- Signs and Symptoms
- Visual Hallucinations
- Progressive Dementia
- Fluctuating Cognition
- REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
- Parkinsonism
- Treatment
- Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
3 mins
Cauda Equina Syndrome
- Acute Loss of Lumbar Plexus Function
- Surgical Emergency
- Saddle Anesthesia
- Causes
- Inflammatory Disorders
- Spinal Stenosis
- Trauma
- Lesions
- Symptoms
- Urinary and Fecal Incontinence
- Sciatica
- Diagnosis
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Clinical
1 min
Ballismus and Hemiballismus
- Characteristics
- Involuntary Flailing Movements
- Worse with Activity; Improved with Rest
- Basal Ganglia Dysfunction
- Subthalamic Nucleus
- Associations
- Stroke
- Diabetes
- Infection
- Neoplasm
- Treatment
- Antidopaminergic Medications
2 mins
Essential Tremor
- Characteristics
- Most Common Tremor in Adults
- Positive Family History
- Clinical Findings
- Bilateral Upper Extremities
- Worse with Physical and Psychological Stress
- Better with Rest and Alcohol
- Management
- Beta Blockers
- Primidone
1 min
Intention Tremor
- More Apparent With Goal-Directed Movements Such as Using Eating Utensils
- High-Amplitude, Low-Frequency
- More Apparent as Extremity Approaches Target
- Overshooting and Undershooting
- Pathogenesis
- Ipsilateral Cerebellar Damage
- Diagnosis
- Neurologic Exam
- MRI
- Treatment
- Physical or Occupational Therapy
3 mins
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Douloureux)
- Tic Douloureux
- Cranial Nerve V - Trigeminal Nerve
- Characteristics
- Stabbing Unilateral Facial Pain
- Facial Spasms
- Psychological Disturbances
- More Common in Women > 60 Years Old
- DIAGNOSIS
- Diagnosis by Clinical Impression
- MRI
- Treatment
- Carbamazepine
- Surgery As Last Resort
3 mins
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
- Pathophysiology
- Misfolded Prion Protein
- Spongiform Encephalopathy
- Subtypes
- Sporadic Type
- Familial Type
- Variant Type
- Iatrogenic Type
- Clinical Manifestations
- Rapidly Progressive
- Dementia
- Ataxia
- Myoclonus
- Diagnosis
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Increased Levels of 14-3-3 Protein
- Periodic Sharp Waves On EEG
- Management
- Supportive Care
4 mins
Charcot Marie Tooth Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy
- Autosomal Dominant
- PMP22 Duplication
- Schwann Cell Dysfunction
- Clinical Features
- Distal Muscle Weakness
- Foot Drop
- Calf Muscle Atrophy
- Scoliosis
- Hammertoes
- Pes Cavus
- Diagnosis
- Onion-skin Appearance on Nerve Biopsy
- Electrodiagnostic Studies
5 mins
Chorea and Athetosis
- Characteristics
- Sudden Jerky Movements
- Athetosis
- Snake-like, Writhing Movements
- Basal Ganglia Lesions
- Associations
- Huntington's Disease
- Acute Rheumatic Fever
- Management
- Treat Underlying Disorder
- Tetrabenazine
1 min
MELAS
- Characteristics
- Mitochondrial Disease
- Mnemonic
- Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy
- Lactic Acidosis
- Stroke-like Episodes
- Considerations
- Muscle Weakness
- Seizures
1 min
Cranial Nerve Pathologies
- Cranial Nerve Pathologies
- Horner Syndrome
- Trigeminal Neuralgia
- Bell's Palsy
- Brain or Brainstem Lesion
- Microvascular Cranial Nerve Palsy
- Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Arnold Chiari Malformation
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Guillain Barre’ Syndrome
- Parkinson's Disease
3 mins
Spinal Cord Injuries
- Complications
- Spinal Shock
- Respiratory Complications
- Autonomic Dysreflexia (Hyperreflexia)
- Orthostatic Hypotension
- Deep Vein Thrombosis
- Thermal Regulation
- Circulatory Problems
- Spasticity
- Dermal Complications
- Genitourinary Complications
- Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes
- Anterior Cord Syndrome
- Central Cord Syndrome
- Brown-Sequard’s Syndrome
- Conus Medullaris Syndrome
- Cauda Equina Syndrome
4 mins
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