Antibiotics Overview
- Cell Wall Inhibitors
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Monobactams
- Carbapenems (Imipenem & Meropenem)
- Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- Aminoglycosides
- Macrolides
- Clindamycin
- Tetracyclines
- Linezolid
- Chloramphenicol
- Fluoroquinolones
- Sulfonamides
Penicillin
- Gram Positive
- Spirochetes
- Bind PBPs
- Block Transpeptidase Cross-linking of Cell Wall
- Activate Autolytic Enzymes
- Bactericidal
- Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Hemolytic Anemia
- Beta-lactamase Sensitive
Antipseudomonal Penicillins
- Ticarcillin
- Carbenicillin
- Piperacillin
- Same Mechanism as Penicillin
- Extended Spectrum
- Pseudomonas and Gram-Negative Rods
- Combine with Beta Lactamase Inhibitor
- Clavulanic Acid
- Tazobactam
- Hypersensitivity Reactions
Cephalosporins Overview
- Beta lactam drug
- Inhibits cell wall synthesis
- Bactericidal
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Vitamin K Deficiency
- Disulfiram like reaction with Alcohol
- Increased Nephrotoxicity of Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
- Starts with "Cef-"
- Bactericidal
- Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Infections
- Allergic Reactions
- Thrombophlebitis
- Bleeding
- Renal Impairment
- Avoid IV Calcium with Ceftriaxone
- No Alcohol
1st Generation Cephalosporin
- Cefazolin
- Cephalexin
- Proteus mirabilis
- E. coli
- Klebsiella
- Gram-Positive Cocci
2nd Generation Cephalosporin
- Cefoxitin
- Cefaclor
- Cefuroxime
- Proteus mirabilis
- E. coli
- Klebsiella
- Gram-Positive Cocci
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Enterobacter
- Neisseria
- Serratia marcescens
3rd Generation Cephalosporin
- Cefotaxime
- Ceftriaxone
- Cefdinir
- Ceftazidime
- Pseudomonas
- Serious Gram-Negative Bacteria Resistant to Other Beta-Lactams
4th Generation Cephalosporin
- Cefepime
- Increased Activity Against Gram-Positive Infections and Pseudomonas
5th Generation Cephalosporin
- Beta-Lactam
- Resistant Bacteria
- Broad Spectrum Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative
- Ceftobiprole
- Has Pseudomonas Coverage
- Ceftaroline
- No Pseudomonas Coverage
Imipenem and Meropenem (Carbapenems)
- Carbapenems
- Broad-spectrum Antibiotic
- Bactericidal
- Gram Positive and Gram Negative Infections
- GI Distress
- Suprainfections
- Seizures
- Penicillin Allergy
- IV or IM Route
- Imipenem Combined with Cilastatin
Aztreonam
- Monobactam
- Resistant to beta lactamases
- Binds to penicillin binding protein (PBP)
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis
- No Activity on Gram-Positives or Anaerobes
- Gram-Negative Rods
- Non allergenic to penicillin
- Synergistic with aminoglycosides
Polymyxins
- Cationic
- Act Like Detergents
- Bind to Cell Membranes of Bacteria
- Disrupt Their Osmotic Properties
- Resistant Gram-Negative Infections
- Neurotoxicity
- Renal tubular necrosis
Vancomycin
- Inhibits Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis
- Serious Gram-Positive Infections
- Nephrotoxicity
- Ototoxicity
- Red Man Syndrome
- Thrombophlebitis
- Culture Samples First
- Infuse IV Over 60 Minutes
- Take Around the Clock
Vancomycin Mechanism
- Bacteriostatic and Bactericidal
- Gram-Positive
- Inhibits Cell Wall Mucopeptide
- Binds to D-ala D-ala
- Resistance with Change to D-ala D-lac
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Orally for Clostridium difficile
- Enterococci
Vancomycin Side Effects & Toxicity
- Thrombophlebitis
- Nephrotoxicity
- Ototoxicity
- Diffuse Flushing Called Red Man Syndrome
- Prevent with Antihistamine
- Prevent with Slow Infusion
Tetracyclines Overview
- End in "-cycline"
- Bacteriostatic
- Infectious Diseases
- Acne
- Periodontal Disease
- Avoid Milk, Antacids, Iron
- Sunlight Protection
Tetracycline Drug Names and Indications
- Demeclocycline
- Minocycline
- Doxycycline
- Fecally Eliminated
- Can be Used in Renal Failure
- Antidiuretic Hormone Antagonist
- Chlamydia
- Rickettsia
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- Helicobacter Pylori
- Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Tetracycline Mechanism
- Binds to 30 S to Prevent Attachment of Aminoacyl tRNA
- Limited CNS Penetration
- Divalent Cations Inhibit Absorption
- Must Not Take with Milk, Antacids, Iron
Tetracyclines Side Effects
- Superinfection
- Clostridioides difficile
- Discoloration of Teeth
- Bone Deformities
- Photosensitivity
- Children Under 8
- Pregnancy
Tetracycline Toxicities
- Inhibition of Bone Growth in Children
- Teratogen
- Discoloration of Teeth
- Photosensitivity
- GI Distress
Macrolides
- Bacteriostatic
- Bind to 23S rRNA of 50S Subunit
- Inhibit Protein Synthesis by Blocking Translocation
- Erythromycin
- Azithromycin
- Clarithromycin
- Gram-Positive Cocci
- Atypical Pneumonia
- Chlamydia
- Resistance by Methylation of 23S rRNA Binding
Macrolides Side Effects
- Diarrhea
- Prolonged QT Interval
- P450 Inhibitor
- Cholestatic Hepatitis
- Skin Rash
- Eosinophilia
Clindamycin
- Bacteriostatic
- Binds 50S Ribosomal Subunit
- Blocks Translocation
- Anaerobic Infections above the Diaphragm
- Aspiration Pneumonia
- Lung Abscess
- Can Cause Pseudomembranous Colitis
Chloramphenicol
- Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits 50S Peptidyltransferase Activity
- Meningitis
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Pregnant Women
- Anemia
- Aplastic Anemia
- Gray Baby Syndrome due to Decreased UDP-Glucuronyl Transferase
- Resistance Caused by Plasmid Encoded Acetyltransferase
Aminoglycoside Overview
- End in "-mycin"
- Gentamicin
- Neomycin
- Amikacin
- Tobramycin
- Streptomycin
- Bactericidal
- Severe Gram Negative Infections
- Bowel Surgery Prep
Aminoglycosides
- Gentamicin
- Neomycin for Bowel Surgery Prep
- Amikacin
- Tobramycin
- Streptomycin
- Bactericidal
- Inhibit Formation of Initiation Complex
- Cause Misreading of mRNA
- Require O2 for Uptake
- Resistance by Transferase Enzymes
- Acetylation
- Phosphorylation
- Adenylation
- Gram-Negative Rod Infections
- Synergistic with B-Lactam Antibiotics
- Nephrotoxicity Especially When Used with Cephalosporins
- Ototoxicity Especially When Used with Loop Diuretics
- Teratogen
Aminoglycoside Side Effects
- Ototoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
- Respiratory Paralysis
- Pregnancy
- Peak and Trough
- Never Mix with Penicillin in Same IV
Linezolid (Zyvox)
- Oxazolidinone Antibiotic
- Binds 23S rRNA of 50S Subunit
- Inhibits Protein Synthesis
- Gram-Positive Organisms
- MRSA
- VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci)
- Bone Marrow Suppression
- Decreased Platelet Count
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Lactic Acidosis
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Avoid Tyramine Containing Foods
Metronidazole
- Bactericidal
- Forms Free Radical Toxic Metabolites
- Damages DNA
- Giardia lamblia
- Entamoeba Histolytica
- Trichomonas
- Gardnerella
- Anaerobes
- Metallic taste
- Disulfiram like Reaction with Alcohol
Daptomycin (Cubicin)
- Lipopeptide Antibiotic
- Disrupts Cell Membrane
- Causes Rapid Depolarization
- Gram-Positive Cocci
- MRSA
- Myopathy
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Peripheral Neuropathy
- Inactivated by Surfactant
- Not Used (Avoid) for Pneumonia
Trimethoprim
- Bacteriostatic
- Inhibits Bacterial Dihydrofolate Reductase
- Causes Sequential Block of Folate Synthesis
- Used in Combination with Sulfamethoxazole
- Combination Used For Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
- Decrease in Red and White Blood Cells
- Alleviated with Leucovorin Rescue
Fluoroquinolones
- End in "-floxacin"
- Bactericidal
- Variety of Infections
- GI Distress
- Photosensitivity
- Achilles Tendon Rupture
- Pregnancy
- Children
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Avoid Milk Products or Antacids
- Slow IV Infusion
Fluoroquinolones Toxicities
- Diarrhea
- Skin Rash
- Headache
- Tendon Rupture in Adults
- Myalgias in Kids
- Damage to Cartilage
- Teratogen
- QT Prolongation