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Physician Assistant (PA)
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PANCE Prep Pearls: 3rd Ed. (2019)
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Coagulation Disorders

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PANCE Prep Pearls: 3rd Ed. (2019) | Physician Assistant (PA) School Study Aid

Coagulation Disorders
13 Picmonics to Learn | 28 mins
Clotting Overview
Characteristics
Endothelial Cells are Damaged
Platelets Respond to Exposed Collagen and Stick
Platelets Release Recruiting Factors
More Platelets are Attracted
Soluble Fibrinogen Turns to Insoluble Fibrin
Fibrin Seals the Clot
Clot Dissolves
Liver Produces Clotting Factors
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2 mins
Coagulation Cascade Overview
Secondary Hemostasis
Intrinsic Pathway
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Heparin
Extrinsic Pathway
Prothrombin Time (PT)
Warfarin
Common Pathway
Thrombin
Convert Fibrinogen to Fibrin
Stabilizes the Platelet Plug
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2 mins
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Inhibition or deficiency of ADAMTS 13
vWF Multimers are Not Degraded
Microthrombi (and Emboli)
Symptoms
FAT RN Pentad
Fever
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal Dysfunction
Neurologic Abnormalities (Altered Mental status)
Treatment
Plasmapheresis
Corticosteroids
Splenectomy
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2 mins
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
Children
Pathophysiology
Preceded by Acute Diarrheal Illness
Endothelial Damage
Classic Triad of Symptoms
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia (MAHA)
Thrombocytopenia
Renal Failure
Labs
Helmet cells
LDH
Treatment
Dialysis
Supportive
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2 mins
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Pathophysiology
Bleeding State
Activation of Clotting Factors
Deficiency of Clotting Factors
Causes
Sepsis
Trauma
Obstetric Complications
Acute Pancreatitis
Malignancy
Nephrotic Syndrome
Transfusion
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2 mins
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Assessment
Mechanism
Improper Initiation of Clotting Cascade
Signs and Symptoms
Systemic Bleeding
Petechiae, Purpura, Ecchymosis
Change in LOC
Increased PT and PTT
Cyanosis
Increased Fibrin Degradation Products (FDP)
Decreased Platelets and Fibrinogen
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2 mins
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Interventions
Complications
Risk for Shock
Renal Failure
Interventions
Treat Underlying Cause
Manage Bleeding
Maintain Fluid and Hemodynamic Balance
Transfusion
Oxygenation
Heparin Drip
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2 mins
Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia
Characteristics
Following Infection or Vaccination
Antiplatelet Antibodies
Clinical Features
Often Asymptomatic
Bleeding
Petechiae
Diagnosis
Thrombocytopenia
Increased Megakaryocytes
Management
Corticosteroids
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rituximab
Splenectomy
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4 mins
Hemophilia
Cause/Mechanism
Genetic Mutation
Assessment
Prolonged Bleeding
Pain
Hemarthrosis
Interventions
Clotting Factor Replacement Therapy
DDAVP (Desmopressin Acetate)
Antifibrinolytic Therapy
Analgesics
Considerations
Genetic Counseling
Prevent Injury
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3 mins
Von Willebrand Disease
Mixed platelet and coagulation disorder
Mechanism
Autosomal Dominant Condition Leading to Reduced vWF
Defect in platelet plug formation
Labs
Increased Bleeding Time
PTT increased
Factor VIII decreased
Normal platelet count
Treatment
DDAVP (synthetic vasopressin)
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1 min
Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia
Pathophysiology
Most Common Genetic Clotting Disorder in Caucasians
Genetic Point Mutation
Glutamine Replaces Arginine
Mutant Factor V
Resistant to Degradation by Activated Protein C
Symptoms
Hypercoagulability
Recurrent DVT (Increased Risk of Thromboembolism)
Considerations
Avoid Oral Contraceptives
Caution During Pregnancy
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2 mins
Protein C or S Deficiency
Pathophysiology
Autosomal Dominant
Inability to Inactivate Factor Va and VIIIa
Symptoms
Hypercoagulable State
Recurrent DVTs or DVTs at Young Age
Treatment
Begin Heparin
Slowly Bridge to Warfarin
Hemorrhagic Skin Necrosis
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2 mins
Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)
Pathophysiology
5-10 Days After Heparin Exposure
Heparin-Platelet Factor 4 Complex
Autoantibodies Form Against Complex
Heparin-Platelet Factor 4-Antibody Complex Binds Platelets
Platelet Aggregation
Procoagulant Release
Symptoms
Thrombocytopenia
Diagnosis
Serotonin Release Assay (SRA)
Treatment
Stop Heparin, Start Direct Thrombin Inhibitor
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2 mins

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