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Emergency Medicine | Physician Assistant (PA) School Study Aid
Other Emergency Medicine Topics
27 Picmonics to Learn | 59 mins
Tension Pneumothorax
- Mechanism
- Air Enters Pleural Space, but Can't Exit
- Trauma or Infection
- Signs and Symptoms
- Decreased Breath Sounds
- Trachea Deviates Away from Affected Side
- Chest Pain
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Hypotension
- Hypoxemia
- Hyperresonance
- Emergency
2 mins
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
- Mechanism
- Accumulation of Air in Pleural Space
- Tall and Thin Young Males
- Bleb or Bulla Rupture
- Underlying Disease
- Signs and Symptoms
- Hypoxemia
- Chest Pain
- Decreased Breath Sounds
- Hyperresonance
- Shortness of Breath (SOB)
1 min
Spontaneous Abortion Overview
- Assessment
- Bleeding < 20 weeks Gestation
- Interventions
- Identify Type
- Bed Rest
- Monitor for Hemorrhage
- Save Pads and Linens
- RhoGAM
- Dilation and Curettage (DandC)
- Cerclage
- Emotional Support
2 mins
Spontaneous Abortion Types
- Missed Abortion
- No Fetal Heartbeat, No Cervical Dilation, No Bleeding
- Threatened Abortion
- No Cervical Dilation and Minimal Bleeding
- Inevitable Abortion
- Bleeding and Cervical Dilation with No Loss of Products of Conception
- Incomplete Abortion
- Bleeding and Cervical Dilation with Loss of Some Products of Conception
- Complete Abortion
- Bleeding with No Cervical Dilation, with Loss of All Products of Conception
2 mins
Stages of Hypothermia
- Mild
- 32 to 35°C (90 to 95°F)
- Shivering
- Moderate
- 28 to 32°C (82 to 90°F)
- Obvious Motor Impairment
- Slowed Thinking
- Severe
- < 28°C (< 82°F)
- Shivering Stops
- Paradoxical Undressing
- Arrhythmias
3 mins
Hypothermia Interventions
- Remove From Environment
- Remove Wet Clothing
- Passive Rewarming
- Warm Clothing
- Active Rewarming
- Heated Blankets
- Warm IV Solutions
- Heated Oxygen
- Warm Gastric Lavage
- Considerations
- Warm Trunk BEFORE Extremities
2 mins
Malignant Hyperthermia vs. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome vs. Serotonin Syndrome
- Autonomic Instability
- Muscle Rigidity
- Malignant Hyperthermia
- Ryanodine Receptor 1 Mutation
- Inhaled Anesthetics
- Succinylcholine
- Dantrolene
- Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
- Antidopaminergic Medications
- Hyporeflexia
- Myoglobinuria
- Dantrolene
- Serotonin Syndrome
- Serotonergic Medications
- Hyperreflexia
- Clonus
- Cyproheptadine
3 mins
Rabies Symptoms and Animals
- Characteristics
- Bats, Skunks, and Raccoons (Inside United States)
- Dog Bites (Outside United States)
- Fever
- Agitation
- Paralysis
- Hydrophobia
- Photophobia
- Considerations
- Fatal If Not Treated
1 min
Rabies Virus
- Characteristics
- Enveloped
- RNA Virus
- SS Negative Linear
- Helical
- Bullet-Shaped Envelope
- Binds to Acetylcholine Receptor
- Retrograde Fashion
- Migrates to Saliva
- Diagnosis
- Negri Bodies
- Cytoplasmic Inclusions in Neurons
- Purkinje Cells of Cerebellum
2 mins
Pasteurella multocida
- Bacteria Characteristics
- Gram-Negative
- Coccobacilli
- Charcoal Yeast with Iron and Cysteine
- Zoonotic - Cats and Dogs
- Signs & Symptoms
- Cellulitis
- Osteomyelitis
- Septic Arthritis
- Treatment
- Amoxicillin-clavulanate
- Intravenous Antibiotics for Invasive Disease
2 mins
Clostridium tetani
- Characteristics
- Gram-Positive
- Bacilli
- Obligate Anaerobic
- Exotoxin
- Spore-Forming
- Renshaw Cells in the Spinal Cord
- Blocks Glycine and GABA Release
- Signs and Symptoms
- Spasms
- Risus Sardonicus
- Lockjaw
- Opisthotonus
3 mins
Clostridium botulinum
- Characteristics
- Bacillus
- Gram-positive
- Anaerobe
- Spore-forming
- Heat Labile Toxin
- Inhibits Acetylcholine (Ach) Release at Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
- Canned Food in Adults
- Spores in Honey
- Signs and Symptoms
- Descending Flaccid Paralysis
- Diplopia
- Ptosis
- Floppy Baby
- Constipation
2 mins
Reading a Chest X-Ray
- ABCDE Approach
- Airway and Appliances
- Bones
- Cardiac
- Diaphragm
- Everything Else
- Masses
- Pulmonary Vasculature
- Lung Parenchyma
2 mins
Oxygen Delivery Methods
- Nasal Cannula
- Simple Face Mask
- Non-Rebreather Mask
- Venturi-Mask
- Safety Precautions
- Oxygen In Use Sign
- No Electrical Sparks
- Six Feet Away from Open Flames
- Nursing Considerations
- Dry Nasal and Upper Airway Mucosa
- Skin Irritation
- Home Education
1 min
Amniocentesis
- Mechanism
- Transabdominal Puncture
- > 14 weeks gestation
- Indications
- Genetic and Congenital Anomalies
- Fetal Hemolytic Disease
- Fetal Lung Maturity
- Complications
- Miscarriage
- Hemorrhage
- Infection
- Considerations
- RhoGAM (Rh Immune Globulin)
2 mins
Chest Tubes: Management and Care
- Confirm suction order
- Assessment
- Crepitus
- Kinking
- Shortness of Breath (SOB)
- Infection
- Excessive bubbling
- Quick Interventions
- If tube dislodges from patient, use petroleum gauze taped 3 ways
- If drainage system is damaged, place disconnected drainage tube in sterile water
1 min
Wound Drainage Types and Devices
- Drainage Types
- Serous
- Serosanguineous
- Sanguineous
- Purulent
- Drainage Devices
- T-tube
- Penrose
- Jackson-Pratt (JP)
- Hemovac
- Considerations
- Record Drainage Amounts
- Check Device Function
2 mins
Types of Wound Healing
- Types of Wounds
- Acute
- Chronic
- Healing Process
- Primary Intention
- Approximated Edges
- Secondary Intention
- Edges Not Approximated
- Tertiary Intention
- Delayed Closure due to Infection and Necrosis
2 mins
Stages of Burn Care
- Phase / Stage 1
- Resuscitative/Emergent Phase
- Injury to Return of Capillary Permeability
- 48-72 hours
- IV Fluid Replacement
- Phase / Stage 2
- Acute Phase
- Diuresis to Near Wound Closure
- Phase / Stage 3
- Wound Closure to Return of Optimal Level
2 mins
IV Solutions
- Hypotonic (< 280 mOsm/L)
- 1/4 Normal Saline (0.225% NaCl)
- 1/2 Normal Saline (0.45% NaCl)
- Isotonic (280-300 mOsm)
- Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
- Lactated Ringer's (LR)
- Dextrose 5% in Water (D5W)
- Hypertonic (> 300 mOsm)
- 3% or 5% NaCl
- Dextrose 5% in 0.45% NaCl
- Dextrose 10% in Water (D10W)
3 mins
Blood Types
- Allele A is Dominant
- Allele B is Dominant
- Allele O is Recessive
- Genotypes AA and AO have Type A Blood
- Genotypes BB and BO have Type B Blood
- Genotype AB is co-dominant and has Type AB Blood
- Genotype OO Results in Type O Blood
2 mins
Blood Types and Compatibilities
- ABO Compatibility
- No Antigens (Type O Blood)
- Universal Donor
- A Antigen (Type A Blood)
- B Antigen (Type B Blood)
- AB Antigen (Type AB Blood)
- Universal Recipient
- Rhesus (Rh) Compatibility
- Rh (Rhesus) Antigen
- Never Rh+ to Rh-
- Considerations
- Blood Transfusion
- Obstetric Patient
2 mins
Types of Blood Products
- Types
- Whole Blood
- Packed Red Blood Cells
- Fresh Frozen Plasma
- Immunoglobulins
- Clotting Factors
- Albumin
- Platelets
- Considerations
- Use within 24 Hours
- Washing Removes Antibodies
- Irradiation Destroys WBCs
2 mins
Whole Blood Composition
- Characteristics
- Plasma
- Electrolytes And Other Solutes
- Proteins
- Albumin
- Fibrinogen
- Globulins
- Water
- Formed Elements
- Buffy Coat
- White Blood Cells (WBC)
- Platelets
- Red Blood Cells (RBC)
2 mins
Esophageal Perforation
- Etiologies
- Iatrogenic
- Inflammation
- Trauma
- Boerhaave Syndrome
- Presentation
- Retrosternal Pain
- Subcutaneous Emphysema
- Pneumomediastinum
- Diagnostic Workup
- Chest X-Ray
- Esophagram
- Computed Tomography
- Management
- ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)
- Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics
- Surgical Repair
4 mins
Teratogens
- Medications
- ACE-Inhibitors: Kidney Damage
- Aminoglycosides: Ototoxicity
- Lithium: Ebstein Anomaly
- Folate Antagonists: Neural Tube Defects
- Substance Abuse
- Cocaine: Low Birth Weight
- Cocaine: Placental Abruption
- Other
- Vitamin A Excess: Spontaneous Abortion
- Vitamin A Excess: Cleft Palate
- X-Rays: Intellectual Disability
4 mins
Malignant Hyperthermia
- Inheritance
- Autosomal-Dominant
- Pathophysiology and causes
- Ryanodine Receptor 1 Mutation
- Inhaled Anesthetics
- Succinylcholine
- Symptoms
- Autonomic Instability
- Muscle Rigidity
- Treatment
- Dantrolene
2 mins
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