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Pathology | Physician Assistant (PA) School Study Aid
Right to Left Heart Shunts
- The 5 Ts
- Truncus Arteriosus
- Transposition of the Great Vessels
- Tricuspid Atresia
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
- Associations
- Cyanosis at Birth
- May Require PDA
1 min
Left-to-Right Heart Shunts
- The 3 Ds
- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- PDA
- Associations
- Later Cyanosis
- Clubbing
- Eisenmenger's Syndrome
2 mins
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
- Pathophysiology
- Hole in Septum between the Atria
- Symptoms
- Often Asymptomatic
- Wide and Fixed Split S2
- Cyanosis and Dyspnea
- Easily Fatigued
- Diagnosis
- Chest X-ray shows Increased Pulmonary Vascular Markings
- Echocardiogram
- Treatment
- Surgery if CHF as Child
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Most Close Spontaneously
2 mins
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Pathophysiology
- Opening at Intraventricular Septum
- Most Common Congenital Heart lesion
- Symptoms
- High-pitched Holosystolic Murmer (over left sternal border)
- Dyspnea and Respiratory Distress
- Loud Pulmonic S2
- Diagnosis
- Echocardiogram
- Treatment
- Small VSDs Close Spontaneously
- Large VSDs Require Surgery
- Complications
- Endocarditis
- Eisenmenger's Syndrome
- CHF
2 mins
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
- Continuous
- Machine like murmur
- Often Due to Congenital Rubella
- Prematurity
1 min
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
- Common Arterial Trunk
- Single Trunk Emerges from Both Ventricles
- Symptoms
- Cyanosis
- Pulmonary Congestion
- Heart Failure
- Single S2 Sound
- Diagnosis
- Echocardiogram
- Chest X-ray
- Treatment
- Early Surgical Correction
- Avoids Pulmonary Hypertension
2 mins
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
- Features
- Blue Baby Syndrome
- Mechanism
- PROVe Acronym
- Pulmonary Infundibular Stenosis
- Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Overriding Aorta
- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
- Diagnosis and Treatment
- Boot-Shaped Heart
- Squatting for Tet Spells
- Surgery
2 mins
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
- Pathophysiology
- Pulmonary Veins Do Not Connect to Left Atrium
- Oxygenated Blood Return to Right Atrium
- Incompatible with Life without a Shunt
- With Obstruction
- Vessel Enters at an Acute Angle
- Severe Cyanosis
- Pulmonary Edema
- Without Obstruction
- Delayed Manifestation (1 or 2 years)
- Right Heart Failure
- Chest X-ray Shows "Snowman"
- Diagnosis
- Echocardiogram
- Treatment
- Surgical Correction
3 mins
Transposition of Great Vessels
- Pathophysiology
- Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation are in Parallel
- Incompatible with Life Without a Shunt
- Symptoms
- Severe Cyanosis at Birth
- Single S2 sound
- Diagnosis
- Echocardiogram
- Chest X-ray shows "Egg-shaped Silhouette"
- Treatment
- Prostaglandin
- Avoid NSAIDs
- Surgical Correction
- Balloon Atrial Septostomy
2 mins
Coarctation of The Aorta
- Pathophysiology
- Constriction of a Portion of Aorta
- Turner Syndrome
- Symptoms
- Asymptomatic Hypertension
- BP Higher in Upper Extremities, Right Arm
- CHF
- Diagnosis
- Echocardiogram
- Cardiac Catheterization
- 3 Sign on Chest X-Ray
- Rib Notching
- Treatment
- Surgical Correction
2 mins
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