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Pathology | Physician Assistant (PA) School Study Aid
Pheochromocytoma
- Cause/Mechanism
- Adrenal Medulla Tumor
- Increased Catecholamines
- Assessment
- Episodic Hypertension
- Diaphoresis
- Abdominal or Chest Pain
- Interventions
- Surgery
- Antihypertensives
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Metyrosine (Demser)
- Considerations
- Do Not Palpate Abdomen
3 mins
MEN 1 (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Menin Mutation (Tumor Suppression Gene)
- Chromosome 11
- Signs and Symptoms
- Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors
- Pituitary Tumors
- Parathyroid Adenomas
2 mins
MEN 2A (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- RET Gene
- Signs and Symptoms
- Medullary Thyroid carcinoma
- Calcitonin
- Parathyroid
- Pheochromocytoma
45 secs
MEN 2B (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia)
- Pathophysiology
- RET Gene
- Autosomal Dominant
- Signs and Symptoms
- Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Pheochromocytoma
- Mucosal Neuromas
- Marfanoid Body Habitus
2 mins
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Gastrin-Secreting Tumor
- Increased Gastric Acid
- Recurrent Peptic Ulcers
- MEN Type 1
- Symptoms
- Abdominal Pain
- Heartburn (Pyrosis)
- Diarrhea
3 mins
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosis
- Gastrin > 1000 pg/mL
- Positive Secretin Stimulation Test
- Treatment
- High-Dose PPI
- Octreotide
- Surgical Resection
3 mins
Carcinoid Syndrome
- Pathophysiology
- Neuroendocrine Cells
- Serotonin
- Appendix
- Diagnosis
- Chromogranin A
- Neuron Specific Enolase
- Dense Core Bodies on EM
- Signs and Symptoms
- Symptoms When Metastasize to Liver
- Flushing
- Wheezing
- Right Heart Murmur
- Diarrhea
4 mins
Bronchial Carcinoid Tumor
- Characteristics
- Excellent Prognosis
- Signs and Symptoms
- Symptoms of Bronchial Obstruction
- Often Asymptomatic
- Carcinoid Syndrome
- Diarrhea
- Wheezing
- Flushing
- Diagnosis
- 5-HIAA in Urine
- Nests of Neuroendocrine Cells
- Chromogranin A Positive
- Treatment
- Surgical Resection
- Octreotide for Symptomatic Relief
2 mins
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Sporadic and Familial Types
- Arises from Parafollicular C cells
- Produces Calcitonin
- Hypocalcemia
- May Produce ACTH
- Diagnosis
- Sheets of Cells With Amyloid Deposition
- Increased Calcitonin with Pentagastrin Infusion
- Risk Factors
- MEN 2A and 2B
2 mins
Small Cell (Oat Cell) Carcinoma
- Characteristics
- Aggressively Malignant
- Strong Correlation with Smoking
- Central Location
- Amplification of Myc Oncogenes
- Signs and Symptoms
- Narrowing of Bronchial Airways
- Cushing's Syndrome
- Ectopic ACTH
- Syndrome Of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
- Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
- Diagnosis
- Kulchitsky Cells
- Neuron-Specific Enolase Positive
- Chromogranin A Positive
- Treatment
- Chemotherapy and Radiation
3 mins
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
- Mechanism
- Autoantibody to the Presynaptic Calcium Channel on Motor Neurons
- Inhibits Acetylcholine (ACh) Release at Neuromuscular Junction
- Paraneoplastic Syndrome
- Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Symptoms
- Proximal Muscle Weakness
- Improves with Muscle Use
- Autonomic Symptoms
- Extraocular Muscle Sparing
2 mins
Schwannoma
- Characteristics
- Acoustic Schwannoma
- Cranial Nerve VIII
- Cerebellopontine Angle
- S100 Positive
- Bilateral Schwannoma in Neurofibromatosis Type 2
- Tinnitus
- Cranial Nerve V
- Affects Corneal Reflex
2 mins
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
- Pathophysiology
- Chromosome 3
- Presentation
- Hemangioblastomas
- Medulla, Retina, Cerebellum
- Cysts
- Kidney, Liver, Pancreas
- Develop Bilateral Renal Carcinomas
- Pheochromocytomas
2 mins
Neurofibromatosis Type 1
- Pathophysiology
- Autosomal Dominant
- Chromosome 17
- Signs and Symptoms
- Neurofibromas
- Optic Glioma
- Lisch Nodules
- Hamartomas
- Cafe Au Lait Spots
- Scoliosis
- Pheochromocytoma
4 mins
Neuroblastoma Diagnosis and Management
- Diagnosis
- 24-hour Urine Test
- Increased Catecholamines
- Increased Homovanillic and Vanillylmandelic Acid
- Ultrasound
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Biopsy
- Pathology
- Small Round Blue Cells
- Homer-Wright Rosettes
- Bombesin Positive
- Neuron Specific Enolase Positive
- Interventions
- Local Excision
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation
3 mins
Neuroblastoma Characteristics and Presentation
- Characteristics
- Malignant Neuroendocrine Tumor
- Neural Crest Cells Origin
- Sympathetic Ganglia
- Adrenal Glands
- Amplification of N-myc Oncogene
- Most Common Cancer In Infancy
- Clinical Presentation
- Abdominal Mass That Can Cross Midline
- Gastrointestinal Distress
- Metastasis
- Raccoon Eyes
- Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
4 mins
VIPoma
- Characteristics
- Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
- Secretes Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)
- Clinical Features
- GI Distress
- Watery Diarrhea
- Hypokalemia
- Achlorhydria
- Management
- Octreotide
- Surgical Resection
- Associations
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN 1)
2 mins
Somatostatinoma
- Characteristics
- Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
- Originates from Delta Cells
- Clinical Features
- Steatorrhea
- Gallstones
- Hyperglycemia
- Diagnosis
- Increased Somatostatin
- Abdominal CT or MRI
- Management
- Octreotide
- Surgical Resection
- Chemotherapy
2 mins
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